1. Chapter 7 Skeletal Tissues
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2. Introduction Description of bone Functions of bone
Active living Tissue
Organ
Functions of bone
Muscle attachment
Protection
Support
Blood cell production
Mineral storage
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3. Types of Bones - varied structure to meet varied needs
Four Types
Long bones
Short bones
Flat bones
Irregular bones
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4. Types of Bone Tissue
Compact bone
Cancellous bone (Spongy Bone)
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5. Parts of a long bone Diaphysis Epiphyses Articular Cartilage
Periosteum
Medullary cavity
Endosteum
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6. Short, flat and irregular bones
Inner portion - Cancellous bone
Outer portion - compact bone
Some with bone marrow
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7. Bone Tissue Characteristics
Connective tissue
Great Tensile strength
Composition of bone matrix
Inorganic salts
Crystals of calcium and phosphate
Magnesium and sodium
ground substance
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8. Dancing skeleton Puppet
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9. Bare bones
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10. Microscopic Structure of the Bone (Figure 7-3)
Compact bone
Osteons, or Haversian systems
Canals connecting cells and osteons- Canaliculi and Volkmann’s
Osteocytes
Purpose
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11. The structure of bone
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12. Microscopic Structure of the Bone
Compact bone
Four types of structures make up each osteon:
Lamella
Lacunae
Canaliculi
Haversian canal (central canal)
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13. Microscopic Structure of the Bone
Cancellous bones (spongy)
No osteons
Trabeculae - support marrow
Nutrients and waste transported by diffusion
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14. Types of bone cells
Osteocytes
Osteoblasts
Osteoclasts
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15. The life of an osteoclast
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16. Bone Marrow Made of myeloid tissue Red marrow - produce of blood cells
Located in medullary cavities of long bones and in the spaces of spongy bone
Two types of marrow
Red marrow
Yellow marrow
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17. Regulation of Blood Calcium Levels
Cells that maintain constancy of blood calcium levels
Osteoblasts -take calcium from blood to build bone
Osteoclasts - remove calcium from bone
Homeostasis essential
Bone formation, remodeling, and repair
Blood clotting
nerve impulses
Muscle contraction
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18. Mechanisms of calcium homeostasis
Parathyroid hormone - primary calcium regulator
Stimulates osteoclasts to break down bone
Increase renal absorption
Stimulates vitamin D synthesis
Calcitonin - produced in thyroid
Stimulates bone deposit by osteoblasts
Inhibits osteoclasts
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19. Development of Bone Osteogenesis
Intramembranous ossification (flat bones)
Osteoblasts formed
Osteoblasts secrete matrix and collagen
Calcium is deposited
Trabeculae form
Endochondral ossification (long bones) - begin as cartilage
Diaphysis ossifies before epiphysis
Epiphyseal plate - growth plate
Layers
Resting cartilage
Zone of proliferation, Zone of hypertrophy
Zone of calcification
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20. Fractures Fracture - damages tissues and blood vessels
Vascular damage initiates repair
Fracture healing
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21. steps
Callus forms - specialized repair tissue - binds broken ends together
Fracture hematoma - blood clot - occurs after fracture, then resorbed and replaced by callus
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22. Compression fracture
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23. Depression fracture
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24. Impacted fracture
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25. Spiral fracture
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26. Greenstick Fracture
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27. Simple fracture
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28. Compound fracture
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29. Dislocation
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30. Cartilage Characteristics Avascular Fibers embedded in gel
Flexibility of firm plastic
Chondrocytes - nutrients, oxygen by diffusion
Perichondrium- covering
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31. Cartilage - differ because of amount of matrix and fibers
Types of cartilage
Hyaline cartilage - most common
Articular surfaces, found in trachea, bronchi, tip of nose
Elastic cartilage - external ear, epiglottis, eustachian tubes
Fibrocartilage - occurs in symphysis pubis, intervertebral discs
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32. Cartilage
Histophysiology of cartilage - permits cartilage to sustain great weight/serve as shock absorber
Growth of cartilage
Interstitial or endogenous growth - cartilage cels divide/secrete matrix - during childhood/adolescense
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33. Cycle of Life: Skeletal Tissues
Ossified by mid-twenties
Adults—changes occur from specific conditions
Increased density and strength from exercise
Decreased density and strength from pregnancy, nutritional deficiencies, and illness
Advanced adulthood—apparent degeneration
Hard bone matrix replaced by softer connective tissue
Exercise can counteract degeneration
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34. Skeletal movement
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