2. Bones Cartilage

3.  Long – (long) femur, humerous  Short - (cube/box) carpal, tarsal  Flat – (broad/thin) skull, scapulae  Irregular – (varies/groups) vertebrae › Sesamoid – single - patella

4.  Diaphysis – shaft  Epiphysis – end › Metaphysis – between diaphysis and epiphysis Articular cartilage – thin layer of hyline cartilage – shock Medullary cavity – in diaphysis – yellow marrow Endosteum – epithelial lining inside medullary canal of long bones

5.  Osseous  Contains cells, fibers, extracellular matrix, collagen  Extracellular matrix is calcified and more abundant in bones than any other tissue  Rigidity provides support and protection

6.  Inorganic salts  Organic matrix

7.  Calcium, phosphate (hydroxyapatite)  Process of deposition – calcification  Other variables detectable – › sodium › Sulfate › Fluoride › Magnesium

11.  Collagen fibers, protein, and polysaccharides (ground substance)  Present for growth/ repair  Connective tissue cells secrete gel-like substance  Chondroitin sulfate – (GAG – glycosaminoglycan) repair and maintanance  These components allow for plastic-like resilience

13.  Compact Bone  Cancellous Bone  Types of Bone Cells

14.  Many cylinder-shaped structures – osteons (Haversian systems)  Allows for delivery system of nutrition/waste

15.  Lamellae – calcified matrix  Lacunae – “little lakes” contains tissue fluid  Canaliculi – canals running all directions  Haversian canal – lengthwise – blood/lymph vessels

16.  Volkmann’s canals are for communication – nerves and vessels that carry blood/lymph to the bone surface

17.  Spongy – not compact  Trabeculae – needle-like spikes which allows for cellular exchange of nutrients and waste  See diagram pg. 194 which refers to the sandwich effect of the compact / cancellous bone

18.  Osteoblast – formation  Osteoclast – reabsorption  Osteocyte – mature

19.  Soft, diffuse connective tissue  Also called myeloid tissue  Produces blood cells

20.  Yellow – fat saturated – no blood cell production  Red – erythrocyte production

21.  Harvested from vertebra/hip  Donation via I.V.  Without rejection, the pt. may begin new growth within the marrow

22.  Support  Protection  Movement  Mineral storage  Hematopoiesis

23.  98% of calcium in bones  Regulation due to new growth and breakdown/reabsorption  Essential for clotting, nerve transmission, muscle contraction, thyroid hormone production

24.  Parathyroid – bone remodeling, renal calcium absorption, stimulation of Vit D synthesis  Calcitonin – thyroid – decrease of circulating levels of calcium

25.  All structure in-utero begins as cartilage and fibrous structures  Cartilage is then replaced with calcified bone matrix  Osteogenesis  Strength of bone comes from use  Endochondral ossification – bone from cartilage  Intramembranous ossification – bone from fibrous membrane

27.  Between diaphysis and epiphysis  Continual osteoblast formation and matrix calcification until maturity

31.  Considerations – blood vessels, nerves, type of fracture  Fracture hematoma  Immobilization  Vitos – synthetic calcium matrix

35.  Hyaline – glassy, grissle  Most common  Covers artricular surface  Chondral surface  Tracheal rings  Nose  Bronchii

36.  External ear  Epiglottis

37.  Small matrix, abundant fibrous material  Strong, rigid  Symphysis pubis  Intervertebral disks  Tendonous articulations

38.  Interstitial  Appositional