1. Imaging a Fault with Magnetotellurics By Peter Winther

2. Outline Science of Magnetotellurics Instrumentation MT data TEM Static Shift Conclusion

3. Magnetotellurics Record natural occurring EM fields Sources are lightning and solar wind Currents are then induced within the Earth Apparent resistivity is calculated Depth of exploration is related to the skin depth

4. MT Theory Helmholtz Equation Quasistic Approx. Characteristic Impedance Apparent Resistivity Skin Depth  2 E + (  2 - i  )E = 0 d 2 E x /dz 2 + k 2 E x = 0    Z = E x /H y =  0 /k  a = (1/  0)  E x /H y  2  = (2/  ) 1/2  0.5(  T) 1/2 (km)

5. Imaging with MT MT theory assumes incident plane waves Need an apparent resistivity contrast Structures located within layers of the same resistivity can not be imaged!

6. Stratagem Up to ~500 m depth (based on skin depth) Frequency range: 10 Hz – 100 kHz

7. MT Line 100m

8. MT raw data TEM MT Log  a (  ) Log T (s) Phase 100 10 0.0001 90 -90 0.0010.01

9. TEM Static Shift TEM MT Log  a (  ) 100 10Log T (s) Phase 90 -90 0.00010.0010.01

10. 1D Modeling Depth (m) Log  a (  ) 10100 10 100 1000

11. MT Cross section Elevation (m) 1700 1600 1500 100 m Resistive Conductive

12. TEM Cross section Elevation (m) 1700 1600 1500 Resistive Conductive Resistive 100 m

13. 2D Inversion Model 1700 1600 1500 Elevation (m) Resistive Conductive 100m

14. Conclusion Large conductive layer in canyon related to saturated clays in the Santa Fe Group. Resistive layer further out due to dry basin fill with a more conductive layer underneath. Fault is imaged between Station 500 and Station 600.