1. Acoustic Waves in the Universe as a Powerful Cosmological Probe Eiichiro Komatsu Department of Astronomy, UT Acoustic Seminar, March 2, 2007 Eiichiro Komatsu Department of Astronomy, UT Acoustic Seminar, March 2, 2007

2. Our Universe Is Old The latest determination of the age of our Universe is: 13.73  0.16 billion years How was it determined? In essence, (time) = (distance)/c was used. “Distance” to what?? It must be a distance to the farthest place we could reach. The Rule: “Farthest Place” = “Earliest Epoch” For the errorbar to make sense, obviously it must be earlier than 160 million years after the Big Bang. So, what is the earliest epoch that we can see directly? The latest determination of the age of our Universe is: 13.73  0.16 billion years How was it determined? In essence, (time) = (distance)/c was used. “Distance” to what?? It must be a distance to the farthest place we could reach. The Rule: “Farthest Place” = “Earliest Epoch” For the errorbar to make sense, obviously it must be earlier than 160 million years after the Big Bang. So, what is the earliest epoch that we can see directly?

3. The Most Distant Galaxy?

4. Going Farther…

5. How far have we reached? Our Universe is 13.73 billion years old. The most distant galaxy currently known is seen at 800 million years after the Big Bang. 1/17 of the age of the Universe today Our Universe is 13.73 billion years old. The most distant galaxy currently known is seen at 800 million years after the Big Bang. 1/17 of the age of the Universe today

6. How far can we reach? Galaxies cannot be used to determine the age of the Universe accurately. Distant galaxies are very faint and difficult to find. Fundamental “flaw” in this method: galaxies cannot be as old as the Universe itself --- after all, it takes some time (~hundreds of millions of years) to form galaxies. So, is 800 million years after the Big Bang the farthest place we can ever reach? Galaxies cannot be used to determine the age of the Universe accurately. Distant galaxies are very faint and difficult to find. Fundamental “flaw” in this method: galaxies cannot be as old as the Universe itself --- after all, it takes some time (~hundreds of millions of years) to form galaxies. So, is 800 million years after the Big Bang the farthest place we can ever reach? NO!

7. Night Sky in Optical (~0.5nm)

8. Night Sky in Microwave (~1mm)

9. Full Sky Microwave Map Penzias & Wilson, 1965 Uniform, “ Fossil ” Light from the Big Bang -Isotropic (2.7 K everywhere) -Unpolarized Galactic Center Galactic Anti- center

10. A. Penzias & R. Wilson, 1965

11. CMB T = 2.73 K Helium Superfluidity T = 2.17 K

13. COBE/DMR, 1992 Isotropic? CMB is anisotropic! (at the 1/100,000 level)

15. COBE to WMAP COBE WMAP COBE 1989 WMAP 2001 [COBE’s] measurements also marked the inception of cosmology as a precise science. It was not long before it was followed up, for instance by the WMAP satellite, which yielded even clearer images of the background radiation. Press Release from the Nobel Foundation

16. CMB: The Most Distant Light CMB was emitted when the Universe was only 380,000 years old. WMAP has measured the distance to this epoch. From (time)=(distance)/c we obtained 13.73  0.16 billion years.

17. Use Ripples in CMB to Measure Composition of the Universe The Basic Idea: Hit it and listen to the cosmic sound. Analogy: Brass and ceramic can be discriminated by hitting them and listening to the sound created by them. We can use sound waves to determine composition. When CMB was emitted the Universe was a dense and hot soup of photons, electrons, protons, Helium nuclei, and dark matter particles. Ripples in CMB propagate in the cosmic soup: the pattern of the ripples, the cosmic sound wave, can be used to determine composition of the Universe! The Basic Idea: Hit it and listen to the cosmic sound. Analogy: Brass and ceramic can be discriminated by hitting them and listening to the sound created by them. We can use sound waves to determine composition. When CMB was emitted the Universe was a dense and hot soup of photons, electrons, protons, Helium nuclei, and dark matter particles. Ripples in CMB propagate in the cosmic soup: the pattern of the ripples, the cosmic sound wave, can be used to determine composition of the Universe!

19. Composition of Our Universe Determined by WMAP 76% 20% 4% Mysterious “Dark Energy” occupies 75.9  3.4% of the total energy of the Universe.

20. How do we “ hear ” the cosmic sound from this?

21. Do the Fourier Analysis: The Angular Power Spectrum CMB temperature anisotropy is very close to Gaussian; thus, its spherical harmonic transform, a lm, is also Gaussian. Since a lm is Gaussian, the power spectrum: completely specifies statistical properties of CMB. CMB temperature anisotropy is very close to Gaussian; thus, its spherical harmonic transform, a lm, is also Gaussian. Since a lm is Gaussian, the power spectrum: completely specifies statistical properties of CMB.

22. Cosmic Sound Wave!

23. What the Sound Wave Tells Us Distance to z~1100 Baryon- to-Photon Ratio Matter-Radiation Equality Epoch Dark Energy/ New Physics?

24. R. Sachs and A. Wolfe, 1967 SOLVE GENERAL RELATIVISTIC BOLTZMANN EQUATIONS TO THE FIRST ORDER IN PERTURBATIONSSOLVE GENERAL RELATIVISTIC BOLTZMANN EQUATIONS TO THE FIRST ORDER IN PERTURBATIONS

25. Introduce temperature fluctuations,  =  T/T: Expand the Boltzmann equation to the first order: where describes the Sachs-Wolfe effect: purely GR-induced fluctuations.

26. For metric perturbations in the form of: the Sachs-Wolfe terms are given by where  is the directional cosine of photon propagations. Newtonian potential Curvature perturbations 1.The 1st term = gravitational redshift 2.The 2nd term = integrated Sachs-Wolfe effect h 00 /2  h ij /2 (higher T)

27. Sound Waves From Hydrodynamical Perturbations When coupling is strong, photons and baryons move together and behave as a single, perfect fluid. When coupling becomes less strong, they behave as an imperfect fluid with viscosity. So, the problem can be formulated as “hydrodynamics”. (cf S-W effect was pure GR.) When coupling is strong, photons and baryons move together and behave as a single, perfect fluid. When coupling becomes less strong, they behave as an imperfect fluid with viscosity. So, the problem can be formulated as “hydrodynamics”. (cf S-W effect was pure GR.) Collision term describing coupling between photons and baryons via electron scattering.

28. Boltzmann to Hydrodynamics Multipole expansion Energy density, Velocity, Stress Multipole expansion Energy density, Velocity, Stress Energy density Velocity Stress

29. Photons f 2 =9/10 (no polarization), 3/4 (with polarization)  A = -h 00 /2,  H = h ii /2  C =Thomson scattering optical depth CONTINUITY EULER Photon-baryon coupling

30. Baryons Cold Dark Matter

31. Approximate Equation System in the Strong Coupling Regime SOUND WAVE!

32. A Big, Big Challenge Let’s face it: “WMAP has done a great job in determining composition of our Universe very accurately, but…” We don’t really understand the nature of dark energy or dark matter. They occupy 96% of the total energy in our Universe! Even the most optimistic cosmologists would not dare to say, “we understand our Universe”. Definitely not. The next frontier: What is the nature of dark energy and dark matter? Let’s face it: “WMAP has done a great job in determining composition of our Universe very accurately, but…” We don’t really understand the nature of dark energy or dark matter. They occupy 96% of the total energy in our Universe! Even the most optimistic cosmologists would not dare to say, “we understand our Universe”. Definitely not. The next frontier: What is the nature of dark energy and dark matter?

33. A Holy Grail: Go Even Farther Back… We cannot use CMB to probe the epoch earlier than 380,000 years after the Big Bang directly. Photons were scattered by electrons so frequently that the Universe was literally “foggy” to photons. We would need to stop relying on photons (EM waves). What else? Neutrinos can probe the epoch as early as a second after the Big Bang. Gravity Waves: the ultimate probe of the earliest moment of the Universe. We cannot use CMB to probe the epoch earlier than 380,000 years after the Big Bang directly. Photons were scattered by electrons so frequently that the Universe was literally “foggy” to photons. We would need to stop relying on photons (EM waves). What else? Neutrinos can probe the epoch as early as a second after the Big Bang. Gravity Waves: the ultimate probe of the earliest moment of the Universe.

34. Go Farther! CMB Neutrino Gravity Wave

35. Summary & Conclusions CMB offers the earliest and most precise picture of the Universe that we have today. A wealth of cosmological information, e.g. The age of the Universe = 13.73 billion years Composition: DE (76%), DM (20%), Ordinary Mat. (4%) CMB has limitations. It does not tell us much about the nature of the most dominant energy components in the Universe: Dark Energy (DE) and Dark Matter (DM) Expect some news on DM from the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) next year. DE is harder to do. Go beyond CMB. Neutrinos! (Very low energy: 1.94K -> hard to detect) Gravity waves! The ultimate cosmological probe. CMB offers the earliest and most precise picture of the Universe that we have today. A wealth of cosmological information, e.g. The age of the Universe = 13.73 billion years Composition: DE (76%), DM (20%), Ordinary Mat. (4%) CMB has limitations. It does not tell us much about the nature of the most dominant energy components in the Universe: Dark Energy (DE) and Dark Matter (DM) Expect some news on DM from the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) next year. DE is harder to do. Go beyond CMB. Neutrinos! (Very low energy: 1.94K -> hard to detect) Gravity waves! The ultimate cosmological probe.