1. Animal Kingdom

2. What is an animal? Obtain food (heterotroph) Eukaryotic Multicellular
Sexual Reproduction (mostly)

3. Major Phylas of Animals
Porifera: sponge
Coelenterata: jellyfish, coral
Platyhelminthes: flat worms
Achelminthes: round worms
Annelida: segmented worms
Arthropoda: insects, crustaceans, spiders
Mollusca: clams, snails, slugs
Echinodermata: starfish, brittle sea star
Chordata: vertebrates (mammals, reptiles, fish, birds, amphibians)

4. Anatomical Position and Directional Terms

5. Anatomical Positions
For humans: standing erect facing forward, with head level and eyes facing forward, feet flat on the floor and directed forward, and arms are at the sides of the body with palms turned forward.

6. Anatomical Position for Animals
The animal should either be supine (laying on back facing upward) position with arms out be side

7. Planes of Reference
Frontal plane: vertical plane that divides the body into an anterior/ventral or posterior/dorsal portions.
Sagittal plane: vertical plane that divides the body or organ into right and left sides (midsagittal or median plane is down the middle of the body creating equal parts)
Transverse plane: divides the body into superior (upper) or inferior (lower) portions.

8. Directional Terms Superior/Cranial: toward the upper part/head
Inferior/Caudal: away from the head/lower part
Anterior/ventral: nearer to or at front of body; stomach side
Posterior/dorsal: nearer to or at the back of body; dorsal fin side
Medial: nearer to midline
Lateral: farther away from midline

10. Directional Terms Cont.
Proximal: nearer to attachment of limb to trunk, nearer to origin
Distal: farther away from attachment of limb to trunk, farther away from origin
Superficial: toward or on surface of body
Deep: away from surface of body

11. Try these… The heart is _______ to liver
The stomach is ________ to lungs.
The sternum (breastbone) is ______ to the spinal column.
The esophagus is ________ to trachea (windpipe).

12. Try these… The stomach side of a dog is called ____.
The ______ fin is located on the fish’s back.
The ______ fin is also known as the tail fin.
The head is ______ to the tail.

14. Symmetry
Asymmetrical: irregularly shaped body, these animals are sessile
Radial: divided along any plane, through central axis, into roughly equal halves, these animals are starfish or hydras
Bilateral: can be divided down its length into similar right and left halves, these animals can use the anatomical terms such as posterior, ventral, etc.

16. Zygote Development
Fertilization: sperm (male sex cell) and egg (female sex cell) meet
Zygote is formed when these cells fertilize and repeatedly divide by mitosis
Embryo: when cell division begins
Blastula: fluid-filled cell
Gastrulation: cell division continues until one side of the blastula moves inward

17. Embryo Development
Ectoderm: outer surface of gastrula; develops into skin and nervous system
Endoderm: inner surface of gastrula; develop into the lining of digestive syst.
Mesoderm: “middle” between ectoderm and endoderm, eventually turn into muscles, circulatory, excretory, and some respiratroy systems

18. Development Cont.
Protostome: opening of the gastrula develops into the mouth; examples: snails, earthworms, & insects
Deuterostome: animal whose mouth developed NOT from the opening, but from cells elsewhere on gastrula, examples: sea stars, fish, toads, snakes, birds, & humans

20. Bilateral Symmetry & Body Plans
Acoelomates: no body cavities; have 3 cell layers - ectoderm, endoderm, & mesoderm; Ex: flatworms
Pseudocoelomates: space develops between ectoderm & endoderm, fluid-filled body cavity partly lined w/ mesoderm; one-way digestive tract; ex: roundworms
Coelomate: body cavity fluid-filled space that is completely surrounded by mesoderm; organs & org. systems develop; Ex: earthworms

23. Animal Protection & Support
Exoskeleton: hard covering on outside of body that provides framework for support
Prevent water loss
Protect soft body
Provide place for muscle attachment
Must molt & shed the old ones
Found in invertebrates (insects, crabs, etc)

25. Animal Protection & Support
Endoskeleton: protects internal organs & provide internal brace for muscles to pull against
Made of calcium carbonate
Found in vertebrates & sea stars

27. Animals Also Have the ability to move!!
Sessile: doesn’t move during adult life
Examples: sponges
Motile: ability to move
Humans, dogs, etc.