2.  a. Third or Last Quarter Moon  b. Waxing crescent Moon  c. First Quarter Moon  d. Full Moon  e. New Moon

3.  a. the Sun to appear to rise, travel through the sky, and then set.  b. the Moon to appear to rise, travel through the sky, and then set.  c. the stars to appear to rise, travel through the sky, and then set.  d. (a) and (b)  e. all of the above

4.  a. stars to appear to change locations in the sky.  b. constellations to appear to distort or change their shapes.  c. the Sun to appear to rise, travel through the sky, and set.  d.(a) and (b)  e. all of the above

5.  a. December 21st  b. March 21st  c. September 21st  d. June 21st

6.  a.1st quarter Moon  b. last or 3rd quarter Moon  c. waning crescent  d. waxing gibbous  e. waxing crescent

7.  a. the heliocentric idea, that the Earth and planets orbit the Sun.  b. evidence, such as phases of Venus and moons around Jupiter, that support the heliocentric theory.  c. the laws of planetary motion.  d. the idea that the laws of physics apply on Earth and to the universe.  e. collecting the most accurate data of the positions of stars and planets.

8.  a. Kepler’s first law.  b. Kepler’s second law.  c. Kepler’s third law.  d. Newton’s theory of light.

9.  a. Kepler’s first law.  b. Kepler’s second law.  c. Kepler’s third law.  d. Newton’s theory of gravity.  e. Galileo’s description of the heliocentric theory.

10.  a. partial solar eclipse  b. total solar eclipse  c. partial lunar eclipse  d. total lunar eclipse

11.  a. about 8:30 a.m. the next day  b. about 9:30 p.m.  c. tides are unpredictable.  d. about 9:00 p.m.

12.  a. 1/2 light year  b. 4 light years  c. 8 light years  d. 300 light years

13.  a. full  b. last quarter  c. first quarter  d. new  e. crescent

14.  a. The Moon is nearer to Earth than during a total solar eclipse.  b. The Sun is nearer to Earth than during a total solar eclipse.  c. The Moon is farther from Earth than during a total solar eclipse.  d. The Sun is farther from Earth than during a total solar eclipse.  e. The Moon is farther from Earth than during a total lunar eclipse.

15.  a. Moon farther from Earth than the Sun  b. Full Moon between Earth and Sun  c. Moon between Earth and Sun  d. Earth between Sun and Moon

16.  a. The Earth’s rotation is faster than the Moon’s orbital speed around the Earth.  b. The Moon’s orbital plane is more tilted than the Earth’s axial tilt.  c. The Moon orbits the Earth faster than Earth orbits the Sun.  d. The Earth’s shadow is larger than the Moon’s shadow.

17.  a. The tilt of the Earth’s axis is toward the Sun during the summer allowing the Sun’s rays to more directly hit the Earth.  b. The rotation of the Earth slows during the summer allowing days to be longer than nights.  c. The Sun releases more energy during summer than in winter.  d. The Earth is closer to the Sun in summer than in winter because of the Earth’s elliptical orbit.

18.  a. when the Earth and Moon are in a line  b. when the Earth, Moon and Sun are all in a line  c. when the Earth and Moon are in a line and the Sun is perpendicular to them  d. when the Moon and Sun are in a line and the Earth is perpendicular to them

19.  a. The distance to an object.  b. The angle taken up by the size of an object, as seen by an observer.  c. The shift in angular position of an object as it moves in space.  d. The apparent shift in position of an object as the observer moves.

20.  a. the intrinsic brightness (actual light output) of a star.  b. the size (diameter) of a star.  c. the surface temperature of a star.  d. the brightness of a star, as seen from the Earth.

21.  a. size  b. luminosity  c. absolute magnitude  d. surface temperature

22.  a. hot supernova remnants.  b. activity around black holes in the centers of galaxies.  c. huge, cool dust and gas nebulae.  d. pure energy in free space.

23.  a. Helium burning is taking place; the core itself is almost pure carbon and oxygen.  b. Hydrogen burning is taking place; the core itself is almost pure helium and stops fusion.  c. Hydrogen burning is taking place; the core has not yet started thermonuclear reactions, and is still mostly hydrogen.  d. Helium is being converted into carbon and oxygen in the core.

24.  a. red giants.  b. protostars.  c. supernovae.  d. white dwarfs.

25.  a. nebulae and protostars  b. main sequence stars  c. red giant stars  d. white dwarf stars  e. supergiant stars

26.  a. nebulae and protostars  b. main sequence stars  c. red giant stars  d. white dwarf stars  e. supergiant stars

27.  a. nebulae and protostars  b. main sequence stars  c. red giant stars  d. white dwarf stars  e. supergiant stars

28.  a. nebulae and protostars  b. main sequence stars  c. red giant stars  d. white dwarf stars  e. supergiant stars

29.  a. the aurora borealis  b. a cosmic ray shower  c. a meteor trail  d. the Milky Way

30.  a. irregular  b. spiral  c. elliptical

31.  a.quasar  b. supermassive black hole  c. dark matter  d. pulsar

32. A. Umbra B. Penumbra

33. a. ice and dust b. rock c. hydrogen d. metal

34. a. Moves so that the tail is towards the sun. b. Adds a layer. c. Moves so that the tail is away from the sun.

35.  a. very young objects  b. very old objects  c. objects having the approximate age of the milky way  d. distant galaxies; no statement may be made about age