2. Marco Polo’s journey

3. Pace of exploration quickened in the 1400s 1. New navigational techniques 2. Royal funding

4. Traditional Navigation techniques

6. The cross staff If latitude of a location was known, it could be reached

7. Location 1 Location 2 N New technique: The magnetic compass

9. A captain could not always control where the ship went Numerous islands were discovered when a ship was blown about by storms

10. Pace of exploration quickened in the 1400s 1. New navigational techniques 2. Royal funding Why did kings start supporting travel?

11. Ottoman ruler Sultan of Egypt

15. Food in medieval times was very bland

18. So the West began to be interested in exploration

19. Prince Henry of Portugal 1394-1460 Encouraged geographical exploration Heard of a gold trade south along Africa’s coast Wanted to find Prester John

20. Cape Nun By 1450 Lucrative slave trade established Portugal was secretive, but Spain began to be interestedA new king got Pope Sixtus IV to issue a bull in 1481 confirming Portugals’s right to lands south of the Canary Islands

21. 1487 Bartholomeu Diaz Cape of Good Hope

22. The success of Columbus forced the creation of a new papal treaty

23. 1494

24. Vasco da Gamma 1497 Encountered Arabs Returned, 1499 By 1509 Portuguese were in the Spice Islands

25. Now that India had been reached by sea, was there another route to the East? Columbus had studied Ptolemy’s Geography and Marco Polo’s Travels Distance from Africa to China not great Read Paolo Toscanelli – distance = 5000 miles Reduced distance to 3500 milesBegan trying to persuade Portuguese in 1480s After rejection, turned to Spain

26. Left for Canary Islands August, 1492Used dead reckoning, not celestial navigation Gold ornaments the of inhabitants of the islands convinced him he had reached islands off China Columbus underreported the distances he calculated to the crew

27. Others became convinced that what Columbus had revealed was a new world One who used these words was the Italian geographer Amerigo Vespucci Inspired by the voyages of Columbus, he visited the Gulf and the eastern coast of the U.S. in a voyage of 1497 Other voyages to the east coast of South America convinced him that this territory represented a new continent

28. World map of 1507 Martin Waldseemüller The world at the beginning of the 16 th century was a different place from what it had been

29. The goals were the same as they had been in the East – spices, gold, and Christians

30. Ironically as the world became new, Europeans looked backwards to regain lost wisdom In the process they stumbled upon a new vision of the cosmos Before Copernicus there was another world shaking event

31. Ferdinand Magellan From the lesser Portuguese nobility In 1505 he signed on at 24 to a 20-ship fleet the king commissioned to take over spice trade Expected resistance from the Sultan of Egypt and the Indian rajahs (~1480-1521)

32. Cannanore Malacca

33. Magellan was promoted for his actions in these campaigns Back in Portugal he fell out of favor at court Was not able to persuade the king to search for shorter route to the Spice IslandsFrustrated by the rejections, he turned to the king of Spain

34. 18-year old Emperor Charles I found the idea intriguing But after being disappointed with Columbus, the king’s advisors were against itHe also reported a geographer’s conclusion about the Treaty of Tordesailles Magellan claimed to have learned about the existence of a pass from a document in the Portuguese archives

36. A fleet of 5 ships set off September 20, 1519 with Magellan in command Other 4 ships had Spanish captains who did not trust the Portuguese admiral The first location of the supposed pass was just the mouth of a wide river Magellan pushed farther and farther south – he was caught in a bind But the farther south he went, the more his hopes waned

37. Three ships arrived in the Philippines in the spring of 1521 He knew he could not be far from the Spice Islands Magellan determined to take the land for Spain

39. When the Victoria stumbled into port in Spain there were but 18 crew left Since those left behind in Malacca were later captured these were the only survivors of the original 265 Then cargo of spices did pay for the voyage