1. Today  Finish types of morphemes  How to do morphological analysis  Allomorphs Readings: 5.5

2. Simplify. To make simple or simpler; render less complex or intricate. [Fr. Simplifier < Med. Lat. Simplificare: Lat. Simplus, simple + facere, to make.] Amplify. To make larger or more powerful; increase. [ME amplifien < OFr. Amplifier < Latin amplificare: amplus, large + facere, to make.]

3. Content vs. Function morphemes  Content morphemes: Morphemes that have some kind of identifiable meaning…  house, crocodile, water, Laura, smurf …or derivational affixes that, when added to a word, change its meaning or ‘part of speech’  re-: play  replay (‘play again’)  -ly: happy (adj.)  happily (adv.)  -er: drive (v.)  driver (n.)

4. Content vs. Function morphemes  Function morphemes: Provide information about grammatical function by relating words of a sentence, e.g.,  prepositions: in, of, on  articles: a, an, the  pronouns: I, you, he  auxiliaries: am, is, are  inflectional affixes:-s, -ing, -ed

5. ‘sadness’ How many morphemes? 2 (sad + ness) Free or bound? ‘sad’ is free, ‘-ness’ is bound Derivational or inflectional affix? ‘-ness’ is a derivational suffix Content or function morphemes? both are content morphemes

6. Morphological analysis  The key to morphological analysis is comparison.  Compare similar forms with recurring units [grapHo  ] ‘I write’ [grapHE  ] ‘he writes’ [pHE  mi] ‘to speak’

7. Morphological analysis 1. By finding similar forms with recurring units, use process of elimination to identify morphemes 2. Determine the meaning of the morphemes 3. Determine the order of morphemes in word formation

8. Hungarian [ EÔhçz ]‘a house’[ EÔboR ]‘a wine’ [ hçzç ]‘his/her house’[ boRç ]‘his/her wine’ Steps 1, 2: Identify and define morphemes ‘house’ ‘wine’ ‘a’ ‘his/her’ [hçz] [boR] [EÔ] [ç]

9. Hungarian [ EÔhçz ]‘a house’[ EÔboR ]‘a wine’ [ hçzç ]‘his/her house’[ boRç ]‘his/her wine’ Step 3: Determine the order of morphemes for Hungarian words: article + root + possessive [ EÔboR ] Art. + root [ boRç ] Root + poss.

10. 1.1 Turkish (p.172) [denize]‘to an ocean’ [denizin]‘of an ocean’ [denizdZikde] ‘in a little ocean’ [denizlerimizde] ‘in our oceans’ [eve]‘to a house’ [evden]‘from a house’ [evdZikden] ‘from a little house’ [evdZiklerimizde] ‘in our little houses’ [elde]‘in a hand’ [elim]‘my hand’ [eller]‘hands’ [eldZike] ‘to a little hand’ [diSler]‘teeth’ [diSimizin]‘of our tooth’ [diSlerimizin]‘of our teeth’

12. Turkish [denize]‘to an ocean’ [denizin]‘of an ocean’ [denizdZikde] ‘in a little ocean’ [denizlerimizde] ‘in our oceans’ [eve]‘to a house’ [evden]‘from a house’ [evdZikden] ‘from a little house’ [evdZiklerimizde] ‘in our little houses’ [elde]‘in a hand’ [elim]‘my hand’ [eller]‘hands’ [eldZike] ‘to a little hand’ [diSler]‘teeth’ [diSimizin]‘of our tooth’ [diSlerimizin]‘of our teeth’ ‘ocean’ = ‘house’ = ‘hand’ = ‘tooth’ = ‘in’ = ‘to’ = ‘from’ = ‘little’ = [deniz] [ev] [el] [diS] [de] [e] [den] [dZik] plural = ‘of’ = ‘our’ = ‘my’ = [ler] [in] [imiz] [im]

13. Turkish What is the order of morphemes in a Turkish word? root + ‘little’ (adj.) + plural + poss. + preposition [denize]‘to an ocean’ [denizin]‘of an ocean’ [denizdZikde] ‘in a little ocean’ [denizlerimizde] ‘in our oceans’ [eve]‘to a house’ [evden]‘from a house’ [evdZikden] ‘from a little house’ [evdZiklerimizde] ‘in our little houses’ [elde]‘in a hand’ [elim]‘my hand’ [eller]‘hands’ [eldZike] ‘to a little hand’ [diSler]‘teeth’ [diSimizin]‘of our tooth’ [diSlerimizin]‘of our teeth’

14. Turkish How would you say ‘of my little teeth’ ? root + ‘little’ (adj.) + plural + poss. + preposition [diSdZiklerimin] [denize]‘to an ocean’ [denizin]‘of an ocean’ [denizdZikde] ‘in a little ocean’ [denizlerimizde] ‘in our oceans’ [eve]‘to a house’ [evden]‘from a house’ [evdZikden] ‘from a little house’ [evdZiklerimizde] ‘in our little houses’ [elde]‘in a hand’ [elim]‘my hand’ [eller]‘hands’ [eldZike] ‘to a little hand’ [diSler]‘teeth’ [diSimizin]‘of our tooth’ [diSlerimizin]‘of our teeth’

15. Turkish What kind of language is Turkish? agglutinating: (a type of synthetic language) affixes may be easily separated from stems; each conveys one meaning. [denize]‘to an ocean’ [denizin]‘of an ocean’ [denizdZikde] ‘in a little ocean’ [denizlerimizde] ‘in our oceans’ [eve]‘to a house’ [evden]‘from a house’ [evdZikden] ‘from a little house’ [evdZiklerimizde] ‘in our little houses’ [elde]‘in a hand’ [elim]‘my hand’ [eller]‘hands’ [eldZike] ‘to a little hand’ [diSler]‘teeth’ [diSimizin]‘of our tooth’ [diSlerimizin]‘of our teeth’