1. Optimized State Encoding for Esterel Programs Dumitru POTOP-BUTUCARU

2. Overview State of an Esterel program The optimizing property Applications: Register removal State re-encoding using the optimizing information

3. State of an Esterel program Esterel statements: p¦¦q, p;q, loop p end emit S, present S then p else q end signal S in p end trap T in p end, exit T suspend p when S end pause derived statements: await S, abort p when S, sustain S, every S do p end

4. State of an Esterel program Esterel program execution Esterel = synchronous language Program execution = sequence of synchronous execution instants (clock ticks) Execution instant = instantaneous mapping: (current state, input signals) (next instant state,output signals)

5. State of an Esterel program Global state and state of a statement Program state = state of the pause statements in the program State of a sub-statement = state of the pause sub- statements of the given statement The state of a composed statement is the union of the states of its direct sub-statements

6. State of an Esterel program Selection and selection tree Selected statement = statement that has at least one active pause sub-statement The selection status of composed statement is the OR of the selection statuses of its direct sub- statements Selection tree = the tree defined by the pause statements and the OR gates corresponding to the composed statements

7. State of an Esterel program Selection nodes pause nodes exclusive selection nodes parallel selection nodes p;q present S then p else q end  # pq p¦¦q  ¦¦ pq

8. State of an Esterel program Example # pause loop present I then pause;emit O1 else pause;emit O2 end present end loop

9. State of an Esterel program Example trap TERMINATE in loop pause; emit O1; pause; emit O2 end loop ¦¦ sustain RUNNING ¦¦ await TERMINATE_SIGNAL; exit TERMINATE end trap sustainawait # ¦¦ pause parallel loop

10. The optimizing property Example trap TERMINATE in loop pause; emit O1; pause; emit O2 end loop ¦¦ sustain RUNNING ¦¦ await TERMINATE_SIGNAL; exit TERMINATE end trap sustainawait # ¦¦ pause parallel loop

11. The optimizing property Example trap TERMINATE in loop pause; emit O1; pause; emit O2 end loop ¦¦ sustain RUNNING ¦¦ await TERMINATE_SIGNAL; exit TERMINATE end trap sustainawait # ¦¦ pause = parallel loop

12. The optimizing property Example trap TERMINATE in loop pause; emit O1; pause; emit O2 end loop ¦¦ sustain RUNNING ¦¦ await TERMINATE_SIGNAL; exit TERMINATE end trap sustainawait # ¦¦ pause = parallel loop

13. The optimizing property Example trap TERMINATE in loop pause; emit O1; pause; emit O2 end loop ¦¦ sustain RUNNING ¦¦ await TERMINATE_SIGNAL; exit TERMINATE end trap sustainawait # ¦¦ pause == parallel loop

14. The optimizing property Example trap TERMINATE in loop pause; emit O1; pause; emit O2 end loop ¦¦ sustain RUNNING ¦¦ await TERMINATE_SIGNAL; exit TERMINATE end trap sustainawait # ¦¦ pause === parallel loop

15. The optimizing property If a parallel statement branch cannot terminate then the selection status of the branch is equal, at each instant, with the selection status of the entire parallel statement

16. The optimizing property Non-termination criteria The static analysis of the Esterel program that is done at compile time Cheap method (the information comes for free)

17. The optimizing property Some statistics:

18. Applications Register removal sustainawait # ¦¦ pause === parallel loop parallel status = loop status = sustain status = await status

19. Applications Register removal sustainawait # ¦¦ pause === parallel loop parallel status = loop status = sustain status = await status

20. Applications Register removal sustain await # pause parallel loop parallel status = loop status = sustain status = await status

21. Applications Register removal

22. Applications State re-encoding Exclusive selection nodes become switches that choose the selected son # # 12 3 45 0 011011 01

23. Applications State re-encoding The selection tree encoding is given by the encoding of all the ¦¦ # # = # # =

24. Applications State re-encoding The selection tree encoding is given by the encoding of all the sub-trees ¦¦ # # = 0 1 2 34 56

25. Applications State re-encoding The selection tree encoding is given by the encoding of all the sub-trees ¦¦ # # = 0 1 2 4 56

26. Applications State re-encoding The selection tree encoding is given by the encoding of all the sub-trees 3

27. Applications State re-encoding