1. Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Sixth Edition, (c) 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 0-13-148952-6 1 Chapter 24 Multithreading

2. Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Sixth Edition, (c) 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 0-13-148952-6 2 Objectives F To understand the concept of multithreading and apply it to develop animation (§24.2). F To develop task classes by implementing the Runnable interface in cases of multiple inheritance (§24.4). F To create threads to run tasks using the Thread class (§24.3). F To control animations using threads (§§24.5, 24.7). F To run code in the event dispatcher thread (§24.6). F To execute tasks in a thread pool (§24.8). F To use synchronized methods or block to synchronize threads to avoid race conditions (§24.7.1). F To synchronize threads using locks (§24.10). F To facilitate thread communications using conditions on locks (§§24.11-24.12). F To use blocking queues to synchronize access to an array queue, linked queue, and priority queue (§24.13 Optional). F To restrict number of accesses to a shared resource using semaphores (§24.14 Optional). F To use the resource ordering technique to avoid deadlock (§24.7.4). F To understand the life cycle of a thread (§24.16). F To create synchronized collections using the static methods in the Collections class (§24.17). F To display the completion status of a task using JProgressBar (§24.18 Optional).

3. Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Sixth Edition, (c) 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 0-13-148952-6 3 Threads Concept Multiple threads on multiple CPUs Multiple threads sharing a single CPU

4. Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Sixth Edition, (c) 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 0-13-148952-6 4 Creating Tasks and Threads

5. Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Sixth Edition, (c) 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 0-13-148952-6 5 Example: Using the Runnabel Interface to Create and Launch Threads F Objective: Create and run three threads: –The first thread prints the letter a 100 times. –The second thread prints the letter b 100 times. –The third thread prints the integers 1 through 100. TaskThreadDemo Run

6. Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Sixth Edition, (c) 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 0-13-148952-6 6 The Thread Class

7. Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Sixth Edition, (c) 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 0-13-148952-6 7 Thread States l A thread can be in one of Four states for threads: new, runnable, blocked, dead new start dead Note: suspend, resume,stop deprecated. runnable run exits stop blocked sleep done sleeping suspend resume await signal block on I/O I/O complete Wait for lock Lock available

8. Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Sixth Edition, (c) 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 0-13-148952-6 8 Thread States When a thread has just been created using the new operator, it is in the new state. Once start method is invoked (which calls the run method), the thread becomes runnable. l A runnable thread might not be running. l There can be many runnable threads. But only one of them can be running at any time point. l OS decides which thread to run. More on this later. new runnable start

9. Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Sixth Edition, (c) 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 0-13-148952-6 9 Thread States l A runnable thread enters the blocked state when 1. The thread is currently running and method Thread.sleep is called 2. suspend method of the thread is called. (deprecated) 3. The thread calls the await method. 4. The thread tries to lock an object locked by another thread. 5. The thread calls an operation that is blocked on i/o. runnable blocked sleep suspend await block on I/O Wait for lock A blocked thread cannot be running

10. Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Sixth Edition, (c) 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 0-13-148952-6 10 Thread States l A blocked reenters runnable state when 1. It has slept the specified amount of time. 2. resume method of the thread is called. (deprecated) 3. Another method calls signal or signalAll 4. Object lock released by other thread 5. I/O completed. runnable blocked done sleeping resume signal I/O complete Lock available

11. Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Sixth Edition, (c) 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 0-13-148952-6 11 Thread States l A runnable thread enters the dead state when Its run method exits. Natural death. l stop method of the thread is called. (deprecated) l An exception is thrown but not caught. dead runnable run exits stop

12. Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Sixth Edition, (c) 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 0-13-148952-6 12 Thread States F Finding out states of threads –Method isAlive allows you to find out whether a thread is alive or dead. u This method returns true if the thread is runnable or blocked, u false if the thread is still new and not yet runnable or if the thread is dead –No way to find out whether an alive thread is running, runnable, or blocked.

13. Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Sixth Edition, (c) 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 0-13-148952-6 13 The Static yield() Method You can use the yield() method to temporarily release time for other threads. For example, suppose you modify the code in Lines 57-58 in TaskThreadDemo.java as follows: public void run() { for (int i = 1; i <= lastNum; i++) { System.out.print(" " + i); Thread.yield(); } Every time a number is printed, the print100 thread is yielded. So, the numbers are printed after the characters.

14. Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Sixth Edition, (c) 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 0-13-148952-6 14 The Static sleep(milliseconds) Method The sleep(long mills) method puts the thread to sleep for the specified time in milliseconds. For example, suppose you modify the code in Lines 56-60 in TaskThreadDemo.java as follows: public void run() { for (int i = 1; i <= lastNum; i++) { System.out.print(" " + i); try { if (i >= 50) Thread.sleep(1); } catch (InterruptedException ex) { } Every time a number (>= 50) is printed, the print100 thread is put to sleep for 1 millisecond.

15. Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Sixth Edition, (c) 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 0-13-148952-6 15 sleep vs. yield There is a big difference –Calling sleep put the current running thread into the blocked state –Calling yield does not put the calling thread, t1 into the blocked state u It merely let the scheduler kick in and pick another thread to run. u It might happen that the t1 is select to run again. This happens when t1 has a higher priority than all other runnable threads.

16. Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Sixth Edition, (c) 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 0-13-148952-6 16 The join() Method You can use the join() method to force one thread to wait for another thread to finish. For example, suppose you modify the code in Lines 56-60 in TaskThreadDemo.java as follows: public void run(){ Thread thread4 = new Thread(new PrintChar('c', 60)); thread4.start(); try { for (int i = 1; i < lastNum; i++){ System.out.print(" " + i); if (i == 50) thread4.join(); } catch (InterruptedException ex) { } The numbers after 50 are printed after thread4 is finished.

17. Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Sixth Edition, (c) 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 0-13-148952-6 17 isAlive(), interrupt(), and isInterrupted() The isAlive() method is used to find out the state of a thread. It returns true if a thread is in the Ready, Blocked, or Running state; it returns false if a thread is new and has not started or if it is finished. The interrupt() method interrupts a thread in the following way: If a thread is currently in the Ready or Running state, its interrupted flag is set; if a thread is currently blocked, it is awakened and enters the Ready state, and an java.io.InterruptedException is thrown. The isInterrupt() method tests whether the thread is interrupted.

18. Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Sixth Edition, (c) 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 0-13-148952-6 18 Outline F Introduction: Why and what F Basics: creating and running threads F Issues –Thread states –Thread scheduling –Synchronization –Suspending and stopping threads F Uses –Animation –Threads and Swing

19. Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Sixth Edition, (c) 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 0-13-148952-6 19 Thread Scheduling At any time, there might be many runnable threads. But only one of them is actually running. The thread scheduler decides which runnable thread to run. Questions: When does the thread scheduler kick in and pick a thread to run? How does the thread scheduler select among the runnable threads? A not-so-precise answer: A running Java thread will continue to run until It calls yield method, or It ceases to be runnable (dead or blocked), or Another thread with higher priority moves out of blocked state Then the thread scheduler kicks in and picks another thread with the highest priority to run

20. Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Sixth Edition, (c) 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 0-13-148952-6 20 Thread Scheduling l Two different thread implementations l “Native thread” implementation (e.g. Windows): Performs time-slicing. Interrupts the running thread periodically to give other threads a chance to run. l “Green thread” implementation (e.g. Solaris) Does not perform time-slicing. It keeps a running thread active until a higher-priority thread awakes and takes control.

21. Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Sixth Edition, (c) 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 0-13-148952-6 21 Thread Scheduling The answer on slide 19 is precise for the green thread implementation. For the native thread implementation, the precise answer is A running Java thread will continue to run until It calls yield method, or It ceases to be runnable (dead or blocked), or Another thread with higher priority moves out of blocked state, or It is pre-emptied by OS (time-slicing). Then the thread scheduler kicks in and picks another thread with the highest priority to run

22. Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Sixth Edition, (c) 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 0-13-148952-6 22 Thread Priority  Each thread is assigned a default priority of Thread.NORM_PRIORITY. You can reset the priority using setPriority(int priority).  Some constants for priorities include Thread.MIN_PRIORITY Thread.MAX_PRIORITY Thread.NORM_PRIORITY

23. Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Sixth Edition, (c) 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 0-13-148952-6 23 Example: Flashing Text FlashingTextRun

24. Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Sixth Edition, (c) 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 0-13-148952-6 24 GUI Event Dispatcher Thread GUI event handling and painting code executes in a single thread, called the event dispatcher thread. This ensures that each event handler finishes executing before the next one executes and the painting isn’t interrupted by events.

25. Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Sixth Edition, (c) 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 0-13-148952-6 25 invokeLater and invokeAndWait In certain situations, you need to run the code in the event dispatcher thread to avoid possible deadlock. You can use the static methods, invokeLater and invokeAndWait, in the javax.swing.SwingUtilities class to run the code in the event dispatcher thread. You must put this code in the run method of a Runnable object and specify the Runnable object as the argument to invokeLater and invokeAndWait. The invokeLater method returns immediately, without waiting for the event dispatcher thread to execute the code. The invokeAndWait method is just like invokeLater, except that invokeAndWait doesn't return until the event-dispatching thread has executed the specified code.

26. Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Sixth Edition, (c) 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 0-13-148952-6 26 Launch Application from Main Method So far, you have launched your GUI application from the main method by creating a frame and making it visible. This works fine for most applications. In certain situations, however, it could cause problems. To avoid possible thread deadlock, you should launch GUI creation from the event dispatcher thread as follows: public static void main(String[] args) { SwingUtilities.invokeLater(new Runnable() { public void run() { // Place the code for creating a frame and setting it properties } }); } EventDispatcherThreadDemo Run

27. Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Sixth Edition, (c) 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 0-13-148952-6 27 Case Study: Clock with Audio (Optional) The example creates an applet that displays a running clock and announces the time at one-minute intervals. For example, if the current time is 6:30:00, the applet announces, "six o’clock thirty minutes a.m." If the current time is 20:20:00, the applet announces, "eight o’clock twenty minutes p.m." Also add a label to display the digital time. ClockWithAudioRun

28. Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Sixth Edition, (c) 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 0-13-148952-6 28 Run Audio on Separate Thread When you run the preceding program, you will notice that the second hand does not display at the first, second, and third seconds of the minute. This is because sleep(1500) is invoked twice in the announceTime() method, which takes three seconds to announce the time at the beginning of each minute. Thus, the next action event is delayed for three seconds during the first three seconds of each minute. As a result of this delay, the time is not updated and the clock was not repainted for these three seconds. To fix this problem, you should announce the time on a separate thread. This can be accomplished by modifying the announceTime method. ClockWithAudioOnSeparateThread Run

29. Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Sixth Edition, (c) 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 0-13-148952-6 29 Thread Pools Starting a new thread for each task could limit throughput and cause poor performance. A thread pool is ideal to manage the number of tasks executing concurrently. JDK 1.5 uses the Executor interface for executing tasks in a thread pool and the ExecutorService interface for managing and controlling tasks. ExecutorService is a subinterface of Executor.

30. Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Sixth Edition, (c) 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 0-13-148952-6 30 Creating Executors To create an Executor object, use the static methods in the Executors class. ExecutorDemo Run

31. Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Sixth Edition, (c) 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 0-13-148952-6 31 Thread Synchronization A shared resource may be corrupted if it is accessed simultaneously by multiple threads. For example, two unsynchronized threads accessing the same bank account may cause conflict.

32. Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Sixth Edition, (c) 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 0-13-148952-6 32 Example: Showing Resource Conflict F Objective: Write a program that demonstrates the problem of resource conflict. Suppose that you create and launch one hundred threads, each of which adds a penny to an account. Assume that the account is initially empty. AccountWithoutSync Run

33. Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Sixth Edition, (c) 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 0-13-148952-6 33 Race Condition What, then, caused the error in the example? Here is a possible scenario: The effect of this scenario is that Task 1 did nothing, because in Step 4 Task 2 overrides Task 1's result. Obviously, the problem is that Task 1 and Task 2 are accessing a common resource in a way that causes conflict. This is a common problem known as a race condition in multithreaded programs. A class is said to be thread- safe if an object of the class does not cause a race condition in the presence of multiple threads. As demonstrated in the preceding example, the Account class is not thread-safe.

34. Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Sixth Edition, (c) 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 0-13-148952-6 34 The synchronized keyword To avoid resource conflicts, it is necessary to prevent more than one thread from simultaneously entering certain part of the program, known as critical region. The critical region in the Listing 24.7 is the entire deposit method. You can use the synchronized keyword to synchronize the method so that only one thread can access the method at a time. There are several ways to correct the problem in Listing 24.7, one approach is to make Account thread-safe by adding the synchronized keyword in the deposit method in Line 45 as follows: public synchronized void deposit(double amount)

35. Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Sixth Edition, (c) 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 0-13-148952-6 35 Synchronizing Instance Methods and Static Methods A synchronized method acquires a lock before it executes. In the case of an instance method, the lock is on the object for which the method was invoked. In the case of a static method, the lock is on the class. If one thread invokes a synchronized instance method (respectively, static method) on an object, the lock of that object (respectively, class) is acquired first, then the method is executed, and finally the lock is released. Another thread invoking the same method of that object (respectively, class) is blocked until the lock is released.

36. Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Sixth Edition, (c) 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 0-13-148952-6 36 Synchronizing Instance Methods and Static Methods With the deposit method synchronized, the preceding scenario cannot happen. If Task 2 starts to enter the method, and Task 1 is already in the method, Task 2 is blocked until Task 1 finishes the method.

37. Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Sixth Edition, (c) 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 0-13-148952-6 37 Synchronizing Statements Invoking a synchronized instance method of an object acquires a lock on the object, and invoking a synchronized static method of a class acquires a lock on the class. A synchronized statement can be used to acquire a lock on any object, not just this object, when executing a block of the code in a method. This block is referred to as a synchronized block. The general form of a synchronized statement is as follows: synchronized (expr) { statements; } The expression expr must evaluate to an object reference. If the object is already locked by another thread, the thread is blocked until the lock is released. When a lock is obtained on the object, the statements in the synchronized block are executed, and then the lock is released.

38. Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Sixth Edition, (c) 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 0-13-148952-6 38 Synchronizing Statements vs. Methods Any synchronized instance method can be converted into a synchronized statement. Suppose that the following is a synchronized instance method: public synchronized void xMethod() { // method body } This method is equivalent to public void xMethod() { synchronized (this) { // method body }

39. Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Sixth Edition, (c) 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 0-13-148952-6 39 Synchronization Using Locks A synchronized instance method implicitly acquires a lock on the instance before it executes the method. JDK 1.5 enables you to use locks explicitly. The new locking features are flexible and give you more control for coordinating threads. A lock is an instance of the Lock interface, which declares the methods for acquiring and releasing locks, as shown in Figure below. A lock may also use the newCondition() method to create any number of Condition objects, which can be used for thread communications.

40. Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Sixth Edition, (c) 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 0-13-148952-6 40 Fairness Policy ReentrantLock is a concrete implementation of Lock for creating mutual exclusive locks. You can create a lock with the specified fairness policy. True fairness policies guarantee the longest-wait thread to obtain the lock first. False fairness policies grant a lock to a waiting thread without any access order. Programs using fair locks accessed by many threads may have poor overall performance than those using the default setting, but have smaller variances in times to obtain locks and guarantee lack of starvation.

41. Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Sixth Edition, (c) 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 0-13-148952-6 41 Example: Using Locks This example revises AccountWithoutSync.java in Listing 24.7 to synchronize the account modification using explicit locks. AccountWithSyncUsingLock Run

42. Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Sixth Edition, (c) 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 0-13-148952-6 42 Cooperation Among Threads The conditions can be used to facilitate communications among threads. A thread can specify what to do under a certain condition. Conditions are objects created by invoking the newCondition() method on a Lock object. Once a condition is created, you can use its await(), signal(), and signalAll() methods for thread communications, as shown in Figure below. The await() method causes the current thread to wait until the condition is signaled. The signal() method wakes up one waiting thread, and the signalAll() method wakes all waiting threads.

43. Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Sixth Edition, (c) 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 0-13-148952-6 43 Example: Thread Cooperation Write a program that demonstrates thread cooperation. Suppose that you create and launch two threads, one deposits to an account, and the other withdraws from the same account. The second thread has to wait if the amount to be withdrawn is more than the current balance in the account. Whenever new fund is deposited to the account, the first thread notifies the second thread to resume. If the amount is still not enough for a withdrawal, the second thread has to continue to wait for more fund in the account. Assume the initial balance is 0 and the amount to deposit and to withdraw is randomly generated. ThreadCooperation Run

44. Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Sixth Edition, (c) 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 0-13-148952-6 44 Cooperation Among Threads To synchronize the operations, use a lock with a condition: newDeposit (i.e., new deposit added to the account). If the balance is less than the amount to be withdrawn, the withdraw task will wait for the newDeposit condition. When the deposit task adds money to the account, the task signals the waiting withdraw task to try again. The interaction between the two tasks is shown in Figure below.

45. Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Sixth Edition, (c) 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 0-13-148952-6 45 Condition Object Often, a thread enters a critical section, only to discover that it can’t proceed until a condition is fulfilled. JDK5.0 uses a condition object to manage threads that have acquired a lock but cannot do useful work. For example, what do we do where there is not enough money in the account? We wait until some other thread has added funds. But this thread has just gained exclusive access to the lock, so no other thread has a chance to make a deposit. This is where condition object come in. A lock object can have one or more associated condition objects. You obtain a condition object with the newCondition method. It is customary to give each condition object a name that evokes the condition that it represents. For example: Condition newDeposit = lock.newCondition();

46. Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Sixth Edition, (c) 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 0-13-148952-6 46 Condition Object If the transfer method finds that sufficient funds are not available, it calls newDeposit.await(); The current thread is now blocked and gives up the lock. This lets in another thread that can (possibly) increase the account balance. When another thread transfers money, it should call newDeposit.signalAll(); to unblock all threads that are waiting for the condition. or call newDeposit.signa(); to unblock a single thread from the wait set, chosen at random. When the threads are removed from the wait set, they are again runnable and the scheduler will eventually activate them again. At that time, they will attempt to reenter the object. As soon as the lock is available, one of them will acquire the lock and continue where it left off, returning from the await. At this time the thread should test the condition again. There is no guarantee that the condition is now fulfilled.

47. Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Sixth Edition, (c) 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 0-13-148952-6 47 Condition Object  It is crucial that some other thread calls the signalAll eventually. When a thread calls await, it has no way of unblocking itself. It puts its faith in the other thread. If none of them bother to unblock the waiting thread, it will never run again. This can lead to deadlock situation.

48. Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Sixth Edition, (c) 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 0-13-148952-6 48 Case Study: Producer/Consumer Consider the classic Consumer/Producer example. Suppose you use a buffer to store integers. The buffer size is limited. The buffer provides the method write(int) to add an int value to the buffer and the method read() to read and delete an int value from the buffer. To synchronize the operations, use a lock with two conditions: notEmpty (i.e., buffer is not empty) and notFull (i.e., buffer is not full). When a task adds an int to the buffer, if the buffer is full, the task will wait for the notFull condition. When a task deletes an int from the buffer, if the buffer is empty, the task will wait for the notEmpty condition. The interaction between the two tasks is shown in Figure below.

49. Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Sixth Edition, (c) 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 0-13-148952-6 49 Case Study: Producer/Consumer (Optional) Listing 24.10 presents the complete program. The program contains the Buffer class (lines 43-89) and two tasks for repeatedly producing and consuming numbers to and from the buffer (lines 15-41). The write(int) method (line 58) adds an integer to the buffer. The read() method (line 75) deletes and returns an integer from the buffer. For simplicity, the buffer is implemented using a linked list (lines 48- 49). Two conditions notEmpty and notFull on the lock are created in lines 55-56. The conditions are bound to a lock. A lock must be acquired before a condition can be applied. ConsumerProducerRun

50. Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Sixth Edition, (c) 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 0-13-148952-6 50 Deadlock The Dining-Philosophers’ Problem

51. Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Sixth Edition, (c) 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 0-13-148952-6 51 Deadlock Sometimes two or more threads need to acquire the locks on several shared objects. This could cause deadlock, in which each thread has the lock on one of the objects and is waiting for the lock on the other object. Consider the scenario with two threads and two objects, as shown in Figure below. Thread 1 acquired a lock on object1 and Thread 2 acquired a lock on object2. Now Thread 1 is waiting for the lock on object2 and Thread 2 for the lock on object1. The two threads wait for each other to release the in order to get the lock, and neither can continue to run.

52. Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Sixth Edition, (c) 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 0-13-148952-6 52 Preventing Deadlock Deadlock can be easily avoided by using a simple technique known as resource ordering. With this technique, you assign an order on all the objects whose locks must be acquired and ensure that each thread acquires the locks in that order. For the example in Figure in last slide, suppose the objects are ordered as object1 and object2. Using the resource ordering technique, Thread 2 must acquire a lock on object1 first, then on object2. Once Thread 1 acquired a lock on object1, Thread 2 has to wait for a lock on object1. So Thread 1 will be able to acquire a lock on object2 and no deadlock would occur.