1. Amy Weislogel & Aniketa Shinde WVU Carbon & Climate 1 GEOL 103: Earth Through Time, ~360 students

2. Learning Goals & Outcomes  Goals:  Understand how earth’s climate has warmed and cooled over time due to natural processes and process by which human activities are impacting the climate system  Outcomes:  Discriminate between climate and weather  Predict climate response to changes in CO 2 greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere  Know CO 2 as a greenhouse gas  Model the carbon cycle  Carbon budget and impact of perturbations on the carbon cycle  Identify ways in which humans can affect change in the concentration of CO 2 in the atmosphere

3. Hook 1: The average air temperature of Earth is the same as the average air temperature of the Moon. A. True B. False Why?

4. Greenhouse gases  Atmospheric gases that trap warming solar radiation near Earth’s surface  Without these gases the average temperature on Earth would be 0° F Brrrr! 4

5. Dominant Greenhouse Gas: Carbon dioxide – CO 2  A carbon atom bonds with 2 oxygen atoms to form 1 carbon dioxide molecule 5  Today, CO 2 makes up ___ of the total atmosphere. A. <0.1 % B. 1% C. 10% D. 50%

6. Methane – CH 4  A carbon atom bonds with 4 hydrogen atoms to form 1 methane molecule 6  Lasts about 10 years in the atmosphere before it is converted to CO 2 and H 2 O through reaction with hydroxyl (OH - )

7. Hook 2: CO 2 in the atmosphere has changed through time…  Over the last ~650,000 years…  Analysis of air bubbles trapped in ice sheets

8. UPSHOT: At times…  CO 2 left the atmosphere  Where did it go?  CO 2 came into the atmosphere  Where did it come from? TODAY!

9. The Carbon Cycle  A cycle in which carbon moves between the biosphere, lithosphere, hydrosphere and atmosphere Atmosphere LithosphereBiosphereHydrosphere How does this happen?

10. Group Activity  You will receive 2 index cards  Your group is assigned one of the following “spheres” based on the color of your cards:  Hydrosphere (blue)  Lithosphere (pink)  Biosphere (yellow)

11. 7 minutes Atmosphere “Your Sphere” Group Activity: List processes by which carbon/carbon dioxide moves to/from the atmosphere and your sphere From atmosphere to “your sphere”: Idea 1 Idea 2 Idea 3 Idea 4 From “your sphere” to atmosphere: Idea 1 Idea 2 Idea 3 Idea 4 Blue = Hydrosphere (H) Pink= Lithosphere (L) Yellow = Biosphere (B)

12. Launching thought: Carbon atoms occupy space in:  *Atmosphere ( where it causes warming of Earth’s surface)  CO 2 (gas)  Hydrosphere  What forms?  Lithosphere  What forms?  Biosphere  What forms? HOW COULD CARBON MOVE TO/FROM THE ATMOSPHERE?

13. Jog your memory of the reading:

14. Listen carefully----  Hand one copy of your list to another group working on the same sphere (same color) and find another groups “extra” list to compare your ideas with theirs…  Don’t alter the other group’s list, but…  Add ideas to your list that you think are good  Detract ideas from your list that you have reconsidered

15. Jog your memory of the reading:

16. SWITCH AGAIN!

17. Jog your memory of the reading:

18. Time is up! I’ll select a few groups to send a member to draw their group’s model on the appropriate white board Atmosphere “Your Sphere” From atmosphere to “your sphere”: Idea 1 Idea 2 Idea 3 Idea 4 From “your sphere” to atmosphere: Idea 1 Idea 2 Idea 3 Idea 4  If another group wrote an idea you had, put a star next to it  If another group wrote an idea that you don’t agree with, put an X next to it

19. Process (draw) what we’ve learned: What processes put CO 2 IN to the atmosphere? Atmosphere LithosphereBiosphereHydrosphere  Biosphere in (B IN )  Hydrosphere in (H IN )  Lithosphere in (L IN )

20. Process (draw) what we’ve learned: What processes take CO 2 OUT of the atmosphere? Atmosphere LithosphereBiosphereHydrosphere  Biosphere in (B IN )  Hydrosphere in (H IN )  Lithosphere in (L IN )

21. Carbon Inputs into the atmosphere  Animal Respiration (B IN )  Decomposition by fungi and bacteria (B IN )  Flatulence (B IN )  Volcanic outgassing (L IN )  Metamorphism (particularly limestone) (L IN )  Release of methane hydrates (L IN )  Degassing from ocean water (H IN )

22. Carbon Removal from the atmosphere  Weathering (L OUT )  Plant growth and burial (without decomposition) (B OUT )  Coral reef growth/calcite precipitation (L OUT )  Dissolution in ocean water (H OUT )  Precipitation of methane hydrates (L OUT )

23.  If the amount of carbon transferred from the lithosphere, hydrosphere and biosphere to the atmosphere equals (is the same as) the amount of carbon transferred to the lithosphere, hydrosphere and biosphere from the atmosphere, then the amount of CO 2 in the atmosphere will: A. Increase B. Decrease C. Stay the same CO2 IN (from Lithosphere, Hydrosphere, Biosphere) CO2 OUT (to Lithosphere, Hydrosphere, Biosphere) THEN Amount of Atmospheric CO2

24. Carbon Budget  Over short time scales, Carbon is neither created nor destroyed (in significant amounts)  Carbon moves through a system at a rate in and a rate out  If rates are equal, then no change to the reservoir L IN + B IN + H IN = L OUT + B OUT + H OUT

25. Carbon Budget  If rate IN is faster than rate OUT, amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere increases L IN + B IN + H IN > L OUT + B OUT + H OUT

26. Carbon Budget  If rate OUT is faster than rate IN, amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere decreases L IN + B IN + H IN < L OUT + B OUT + H OUT shrinks

27. Carbon dioxide through time:  Geological evidence suggests CO 2 levels change through time: L IN + B IN + H IN ≠ L OUT + B OUT + H OUT

28. A.L IN + B IN + H IN = L OUT + B OUT + H OUT B.L IN + B IN + H IN < L OUT + B OUT + H OUT C.L IN + B IN + H IN > L OUT + B OUT + H OUT  Which equation describes the carbon budget from 375-300 Ma?

29. Think-Pair-Share  What could could have caused the sharp decrease in CO 2 from 375-300 Ma? L IN + B IN + H IN < L OUT + B OUT + H OUT

30. Carbon dioxide through time:  What would be the concentration of CO 2 in the atmosphere ~550 Ma if today’s CO2 concentration is 390 ppm? A. ~16 ppm B. 390 ppm C. 3900 ppm D. 9750 ppm ppm = parts per million

31. Atmosphere LithosphereBiosphereAnthropogenicHydrosphere Humans are now taking carbon from the lithosphere, making CO 2 and releasing it to the atmosphere…..

32. More carbon through human activities: Anthropogenic (A IN )

34. Hook  Should CO2 be regulated as a pollutant?  What do you know?  What do you need to know?  Is anthropogenic input of CO2 into the atmosphere causing global warming?  If so then regulation may be good  Is anthropogenic input of CO2 having no effect on global temperature?  If so then regulation a waste of time and energy

35.  The total mass of atmospheric carbon dioxide is 3.16×10 15 kg (about 3,000 gigatonnes)  Humans are adding approximately 9 gigatons/year  3 is used up by photosynthesis  2 is absorbed by the ocean  4 gigatons/year remain

36. Carbon dioxide through time:  Geological evidence suggests CO 2 levels up to 25x higher than today existed in the past

37. Feedback:  a self-regulatory system, in which the output affects the input, either positively or negatively  Negative feedback opposes expansion  Positive feedback accelerates expansion 37 Chemical Reservoirs

38. CO2 added to the atmosphere due to burning fossil fuels causes warmer temperature. These warmer temperatures increase plant growth across the planet; to grow, plants take carbon from the atmosphere. This is an example of a: A. Positive feedback B. Neutralizing feedback C. Negative feedback D. Isotopic shift

39. Global Climate Change  Paleoclimates – Past climates are indicated by Earth materials that are climate-sensitive.  Geologic records: Sequences of strata  Depositional environments are often climate-sensitive.  Coral reefs – Tropical marine.  Glacial tills – Cold and continental.

40. Carbon Isotopes 40  Marine phytoplankton  Preserved in times of anoxia  Store 12 C  Enrich oceans in 13 C

41. Carbon Isotopes 41  Terrestrial plant ecosystems work the same way  Preserved in times of anoxia  Store 12 C  Enrich atmosphere in 13 C

42. Carbon Isotopes 42  Isotopic excursion — A positive or negative shift in an isotopic ratio through a succession of stratigraphic layers.  Sample limestone and measure stable C isotopes  Preserved in times of anoxia  Enrich oceans in 13 C, growth and burial of phytoplankton occurring

43. Around 300 Ma, there was much more carbon-13 in the atmosphere than carbon 12. Why? A. Abundant plants grew in coal swamps B. Many plants went extinct and so not many plants were growing C. Coal seams were weathered or burned, releasing carbon 13 to the atmosphere 43

44. Carbon Isotopes  Isotopes in limestone (CaCO 3 )  Phanerozoic record indicates intervals of great change  Late Carboniferous swamps buried lots of carbon  Excess 13 C in atmosphere and oceans 44

45. Frozen Methane  CH 4  Most produced by prokaryotes  Herbivore flatulence  Significant warming  Stored frozen on sea floor and deep under tundra  Low temperature, high pressure formation  Also found on continental slope (400– 1000 m w.d.) 45

46. Carbon in methane produced by bacteria will be rich in carbon12. δ 13C is the ratio of 13C/12C. Big numbers mean more 13C, small numbers mean more 12C. If abundant frozen methane melts and is released to the atmosphere, how with the δ 13C value of the atmosphere change? A. δ 13C will decrease B. δ 13C will increase C. δ 13C will stay the same

47. Frozen Methane  Release of frozen methane releases carbon  Water at depth warms  Rapid release of greenhouse gases (methane)  Positive feedback  Continue to warm  Signal is 12 C dominated 47

48. Carbon Isotopes  Weathering of CaCO 3 releases Ca ++ and HCO3 -  Carried to oceans  Precipitate limestone skeletal material  Carbon is stored for long time period  Released upon subduction 48