1. The Congo HIST 4339

2. Wednesday Citation Workshop Identify a tricky citation (e.g. primary source) Look it up Bring complete citation to class Wed

3. Outline Congo Free State Belgian Congo Independent Congo

4. Themes Belgian colonial practices illuminate other colonialisms Partitioned culture groups contribute to conflict

5. Congo Free State

6. King Leopold II’s Rule Profits based on rubber extraction Use of forced labor: hostages, chicotte whippings Severed hands required as evidence of efficient bullet use

7. King Leopold II’s Rule Governor of the Equatorial District of the Congo Free State: “As soon as it was a question of rubber, I wrote to the government, ‘To gather rubber in the district... one must cut off hands, noses and ears’” (Adam Hochschild, King Leopold’s Ghost 165)

8. International Reaction International scandal by turn of century 1908: Belgian government purchase of Congo from Leopold 1909: Leopold’s death

9. International Reaction 1912: US poet Vachel Lindsay, “The Congo:” “Listen to the yell of Leopold's ghost Burning in Hell for his hand-maimed host. Hear how the demons chuckle and yell Cutting his hands off, down in Hell.”

10. Belgian Congo (post-Leopold II) 1908: Belgian state takeover Focus on practical and vocational education 1958: Collapse of world copper market renders Congo unprofitable

11. Belgian Congo (post-Leopold II) Belgian announcement of imminent independence Congolese nationalist groups: —Congolese National Movement, led byPatrice Lumumba —Alliance of Kongo People, led by Joseph Kasavubu Kasavubu Lumumba

12. Belgian Congo (post-Leopold II) June 30, 1960: independence of Republic of Congo —Lumumba Prime Minister —Kasavubu President Kasavubu Lumumba

13. Belgian Congo (post-Leopold II) June 30, 1960: independence ceremony —Belgian king’s paternalistic speech —Lumumba’s fiery response Lumumba The Guardian (1 July 1960)

14. Independent Congo Immediate political turmoil (mutiny, Katanga secession) Sept 14, 1960: Army Chief of Staff Mobutu seizes power Jan 1961: Lumumba’s flight, capture, execution Mobutu

15. Independent Congo Feb 1961: Mobutu restores power to Kasavubu 1965: Mobutu coup (Congo becomes Zaire) 1994: Rwandan genocide, refugees to Zaire

16. Independent Congo 1997: Rwanda invades Zaire, installs Laurent Kabila as pres. —Zaire renamed Congo 1998: new conflict (“Africa’s world war”)

17. Independent Congo 2001: Kabila assassinated, succeeded by his son, Joseph Kabila 2006: Joseph Kabila elected president 2012: M23 captures Goma, retreats

18. “Independence ChaCha” Indépendance cha cha tozui e Oh! Kimpuanza cha cha tubakidi Oh! Table Ronde cha cha ba gagné o Oh! Dipanda cha cha tozui e (Independence cha cha, we’ve won it Oh! Independence cha cha, we’ve achieved it Oh! The round table cha cha, we’ve pulled it off Oh! Independence cha cha, we’ve won it) [the word for independence is given in French, Lingala and Kikongo]