2. Communication

3. What is Communication? – An action on the part of one organism that alters the probability pattern of behavior in another organism in a fashion adaptive to either one or both of the participants (Wilson 1975)

4. Communication (Wiley 1983)

5. True Communication – Both Sender and Receiver benefit Manipulation – Sender benefits / Receiver is unaffected or harmed Eavesdropping – Sender is unaffected or harmed / Receiver benefits Ignoring – neither Sender or Receiver is harmed

6. Alarm Calls Vocalizations - Vervet Monkeys Different Calls Snake = Chutter Leopard = Barking Eagle = Cough

7. How do they Signal? Discrete ear position Pointed Up – greeting Laid back - threat Graded Mouth Closed – mild Open – More intense

8. Pseudopenis of the Female Spotted Hyena

10. Proximate Causes Stephan J. Gould – Pseudopenis due to proximate cause High levels of androgen during development – Suggests proximate cause outweighs adaptive significance (ultimate cause)

11. Other Causes John Alcock – Suggests proximate cause may not be as strong a Gould suggests – Contends Gould is against Sociobiology – Adaptationist Hypothesis (Ultimate Cause)

12. Pseudopenis of the Female Spotted Hyena

13. Dominance of the Female Spotted Hyena Adaptive Behavior – more androgen / more aggression By-product is pseudopenis

14. Dominance Hierarchies

15.  Rhesus Monkeys – Mother’s Rank – Males leave at puberty (3 ½ years) – rank is decided by new group and the males relationship with dominant females

16. Dominance Hierarchies Rhesus Monkeys – Dominant males don’t lead group and aren’t even the ones having the most children (even having 1 st access to females) – Dominant males stay out of fights – Testosterone levels

17. Dominance Hierarchies Infanticide – Lions (Pusey and Packer 1987) – New Males take over pride Kill smaller cubs Drive off older cubs and subadults Accounts for ¼ of cub deaths

20. Dominance Hierarchies Costs – So busy displaying dominance that lesser males do all the breeding – Doesn’t necessarily translate to having more children – Achieving rank may have reproductive costs Benefits – Less energy spent fighting over resources – Less stress among all individuals – Higher testosterone levels

21. Evolution of a Sensory System

24. Honest Signals

25. Honest Signal How much food do I need? Brood Parasites (European Cuckoo) – Increase amount of food by tricking parents

26. Illegitimate Receivers Tungara Frog – Whine-chuck – Whine only

27. Illegitimate receivers Mobbing Call Attract with other mobbers if hawk is perched Seet Call Warning sound if hawk is in the air doesn’t travel as far Range of sound hard for hawk to hear

28. Illegitimate Signalers Femme fatales

29. Illegitimate Signalers Angler Fish

30. Solving Problems – Group Foraging Food Bonanzas – Yell for others

31. Solving Problems – Group Foraging Honeybees – Round Dance – Sickle Dance – Waggle Dance

32. Solving Problems – Group Foraging Ants – Recruitment Pheromones – Stridulating

33. Solving Problems – How to Secure a Mate Bird Song – Cowbird

34. Solving Problems – How to Secure a Mate Bird Song Blackbirds

35. Solving Problems – Warn Others about Predators Meerkats

36. Solving Problems – Warn Others about Predators Deception – Low ranking Males

37. Solving Problems – Warn Others about Predators Deception – Barn Swallows

38. Talking Animals Nim Chimpsky – Talking Chimp

39. Talking Animals Alex – Talking Parrot

40. Talking Animals Koko – Talking Gorilla