1. Revolutions in Europe and Latin America
Chapter 4 sections 1 and 2

2. Conservatives vs. Liberals
Prefer the Old Order
Restore royal families to throne
Lower classes should respect and obey social superiors
Established Church
Natural rights and constitutional gov’t leads to chaos
Promise freedom
Mostly middle class, bourgeoisie
Business leaders, bankers, lawyers, newspaper editors, writers
Written constitution, separation of powers
Universal manhood suffrage
Free Market - capitalism

3. Old Order is Challenged in Central Europe
Serbia- first Balkan people to revolt
Karageorge vs, Ottomans, unsuccessful but fostered sense of Serbian identity
1815 – Milos Obrenovic led revolt and turned to Russia for help
1830 Serbs won autonomy (self-rule)
Greece revolt vs. Ottomans
Years of wars helped shape a national identity
Has support of Britain, France, Russia- forced Ottomans to grant independence to some Greek provinces
European powers pressured Greeks to accept German king
*Uprisings in Spain, Portugal and Italy were crushed by conservative rulers

4. French Rebels - 1830 Restored Louis XVIII to throne
Issued Constitution- Charter of French Liberties
2 House legislature, limited freedom of the press, King retained most power

5. July Revolution Louis XVIII died 1824
Throne inherited by Charles X – absolute ruler
July 1830 suspended legislature, limited vote, restricted the press
Rebels revolted in Paris barricading streets
Charles X fled to England and abdicated

6. Citizen King Moderate Liberals chose constitutional monarchy
Louis Phillipe new king, cousin of Charles X, supported 1789 revolution
Owed throne to the people, favored middle class
Liberal bourgeoisie prospered
Extended suffrage but only to wealthier citizens

7. Spread of Reform
Belgium wins independence inspired by Paris uprising, students threw up barricades in Brussels
Britain and France assisted under the belief that a separation of Belgium and Holland (united under Congress of Vienna) would benefit them
1831 – independent with liberal constitution
Poland – uprisings crushed by Russian forces

8. French Revolt of 1848
February Angry crowds to the streets protesting recession and government oppression
Louis Phillipe abdicated, proclaimed Second Republic (1st from before Napoleon)
June Days: upper- and middle-class interests won control, workers took to the streets with violence
1500 people killed before government crushed violence

9. New Napoleon
National Assembly issued constitution- created strong president, one-house legislature, vote to all adult males
Louis Napoleon, elected president – presented himself as caring about social issues
Used power as stepping stone, declaring himself emperor in 1852
People voted to set up Second Empire: rapid economic growth

10. Revolutions in Europe
Austrian Empire: Louis Kossuth in Hungary demanded independent government, students protested in many cities – government gave in to demands temporarily
Italy: Nationalists wanted to end Hapsburg power and revolutionaries set up republics. Austrian and French forces restored order and Pope in Rome
German States: University students demanded national unity and liberal reforms. Republic or monarchy? Rebellion faded due to military force and lack of mass support