1. AP World History Chapter 25
The Consolidation of Latin America

2. 4 External events impacts political changes
America Revolution
French Revolution
Extension of French Rev. to Haiti
France invasion of Portugal and Spain
Political Ideas
Centralist Federalist Positivism

3. The Colonial Class System
Creoles – Europeans - Born in the Americans
Peninsulares – Born in Spain or Portugal
Mestizos – Mixed – Native Indians - European
Mulattos – Mixed – Blacks - European
The great differences in status based on color – created outcaste and rebellions
Native Indians
Black Slaves

4. Causes of Political Change
American Revolution
Model
French Revolution
Ideology
Too radical
Toussaint L'Overture
1791 slave revolt
Republic of Haiti, 1804
French invasion of Spain

5. Napoleon sent a French army to crush the rebellion in Haiti
Toussaint tricked into surrendering in 1802; he was shipped to France where he died a year later in a dungeon
French troops weakened by yellow fever; eventually fell to the rebel forces

7. Latin American States After the Revolutions
*Caudillos – Leaders in independent Latin America who dominated local areas by force in defiance of national policies; sometimes seized the national government

8. Spanish-American Independence Struggles
Mexico
Miguel de Hidalgo
1810 Rebellion, alliance with Indians and mestizos
Augustín de Iturbide
Ended the Mexican War of Independence
1824, collapse of new state

9. Miguel de Hidalgo – 1810 – a parish priest roused the Indians and Mestizos – revolted – after early victories he lost Creole support and was executed
September 16, the first day of the uprising, is Mexico’s Independence Day
Conservative Creoles under Augustin Iturbide (ee-toor-BEE-day) won independence, first emperor in Emperor Agustin
Mexico became a republic in 1824 –
“el Grito de Dolores” – The cry of Dolores – Mexicans to fight for independence and Liberty.

10. Mexican War of Independence
Mexican War of Independence ( ), was an armed conflict between the people of Mexico and Spanish colonial authorities, which started on September 16, The Mexican War of Independence movement was led by Mexican-born Spanish, and mestizos who sought independence from Spain. It started as an idealistic peasants' rebellion against their colonial masters, but finally ended as an unlikely alliance between liberales (liberals) and conservadores (conservatives).
Agustín de Iturbide, A favorite of the Mexican church hierarchy, Iturbide was the personification of conservative Creole values, devoutly religious, and committed to the defense of property rights and social privileges became the first emperor.

11. Cause of the Mexican Revolution 1910?
Porfirio Diaz (dictatorial reign)– ruled Mexico form – conservative , centralize government with support of army, large landowners, Catholic Church
Real wages of workers declined
Liberal landowner – Francesco Madero led a series of strikes throughout the country. He forced Diaz from power and open the door to a wider revolution

12. Maximilian von Habsburg – Austrian archduke proclaimed emperor of Mexico as a result of French intervention in 1862 ; after the French withdrawal he was executed in 1867 by Juarez’s firing squad
Benito Juarez-Indian Lawyer who led a liberal revolution against Santa Anna; defeated by the French, who made Maximilian emperor; returned to power from
Porfirio Diaz –One of Juarez’s generals ; elected president of Mexico in 1876 and dominated polities for 35 years

13. 1825, all Spanish colonies independent
Simon Bolívar
Creole, Visionary, Revolutionary, & Liberator
Independence movement, 1810
, victory
Grand Columbia
Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador
1830, split
José de San Martín
Liberator of Spanish South America.
Buenos Aires, Peru, Chili, Argentina

14. Bolivar’s Accomplishment
Gran Colombia – Existed as an independent state until 1830 when Colombia, Venezuela and Ecuador became separate independent nations

15. No Unity! Failure of Bolivar’s dream for a united South America:
Many newly independent countries struggle with civil wars.
By 1830s, geographic factors (mts., the Amazon, etc.) plus cultural differences defeated attempts at unification.
Gran Columbia.
United Provinces of Central America.

16. Bolivar’s Failure
After uniting Venezuela, Columbia, & Ecuador into Gran Columbia, he left to help free the rest of Latin America.
He died a year later, with his goal of uniting all of South America unfulfilled!

17. Brazilian Independence
1807, French invasion of Portugal
Royal family, elite, to Brazil
Rio de Janeiro, capital
King João VI (John VI) of Portugal
In Brazil until 1820
Pedro left in Brazil as regent
1822, Pedro declares Brazil independent
Pedro I

18. Enlightenment ideals
Role of Catholic church?
Equality
Slavery
Indians, mestizos
Franchisement

19. Latin American Economies and World Markets, 1820-1870
Britain, U.S. support independence
in exchange for economic power
Dependency on foreign consumers
Mid-Century Stagnation
After 1850
European market creates demand
Church, conservatives slow change
Landowners, peasants ally in opposition
The Monroe Doctrine is a policy of the United States introduced on December 2, It stated that further efforts by European nations to colonize land or interfere with states in North or South America would be viewed as acts of aggression requiring U.S. intervention.

20. Mexico: Instability and Foreign Intervention
1824, Mexican Constitution
Conservative centralists v. liberal federalists
Reforms attempted, 1830s
Opposed by Antonio López de Santa Anna ,caudillo
War with U.S. 
Benito Juárez
Zapotec Indian
Liberal revolt,1854
New constitution, 1857
Privileges of army and church diminished
Lands sold to individuals
French in to assist conservatives
Maximilian von Habsburg
1867, French withdraw
Maximilian executed
Juárez in office to 1872

21. Argentina: The Port and the Nation
United Provinces of the Rio de la Plata, 1816
Liberals v. federalists
Juan Manuel de Rosas, 1831
Federalist
(despotic ruler-weakened central gvt.
“death to the savage, filthy Unitarians”
Overthrown, 1852
Reunification,
Domingo F. Sarmiento
Brought liberal changes i.e. political /economic reforms (agricultural production increased; population tripled; education, transportation; nationalism increased;
Ended war with American Indians—opened land to ranching/agriculture
“The King can be compared with a father, and reciprocally a father can be compared with the King, and then set the duties of the monarch by those of the parental authority. Love, govern, reward and punish is what a King and a father must do. In the end, there's nothing less legitimate than anarchy, which removes property and security from the people, as force becomes then the only right.”
While president of Argentina from 1868 to 1874, Sarmiento championed intelligent thought including education for children and women and democracy for Latin America.

22. The Brazilian Empire Pedro I 1824, liberal constitution
Abdicates, 1831
Pedro II
Regency,
Economic prosperity
Coffee export
Slavery intensified
Infrastructure improved
Abolition
Achieved, 1888
Republican Party
Formed, 1871
Coup, 1889
Republic founded

23. Mexico and Argentina: Examples of Economic Transformation
Porfirio Díaz (Mexico – Juarez’s general)
1876, president
Foreign capital used for infrastructure
Revolt suppressed –imposed strong central gvt.
, Civil War
Electoral reform
Argentina
Meat exports
Immigration
Distinct culture
1890s
Socialist party forms
Strikes from 1910
Radical Party
Middle class
1916, in power

24. Uncle Sam Goes South Spanish-American War, 1898 Cuba
American investment  
Puerto Rico annexed
Colombia
U.S. backs revolution

25. “The Colossus of the North”
US dominated affairs in the Americas.
1823 – Monroe Doctrine.
US takes Texas and Mexican Cession.
US gains independence for Cuba.
Roosevelt Corollary – US will police the America.
US sent troops to Cuba, Haiti, Mexico, Honduras, Nicaragua.
US built Panama Canal – “Yankee imperialism.”

26. Spanish-American War - 1898 – Cuba became U. S
Spanish-American War – Cuba became U.S. protectorate and Puerto Rico was annexed outright
In 1903 the US supported a rebellion to enable Panama to separate itself from Colombia
Between – American military forces were sent to Cuba, Mexico, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, panama, Colombia, Haiti and the Dominican Republic

27. The Caribbean: An “American Lake”

28. The Panama Canal
Panama Canal – The United States supported an independence movement in Panama, then part of Colombia, in return for the exclusive rights for a canal across the Panamanian isthmus

29. Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna – Mexican general who seized power after the collapse of the Mexican republic in 1835
Mexican-American War – ( ) – Devastating defeat for Mexican forces
**Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo (1848) – Treaty between the United States and Mexico; Mexico lost one-half of its national territory (Mexico forced to sign)

30. Gender and Race
I. Women fought in rebellions and revolts but did not achieve anything in the new government(s):
Can not vote
Can not hold offices
Can not become lawyers
Could not enter into a contract without permission of husband
Unwed women under the authority of their father
Lower class women fair better due to economic necessities:
-economic freedom; control local markets; greater freedom compared to elite women
II. Education: women had responsibility to educate their children
1869- first girl school in Mexico city; increased in secular education; result—gave women opportunities & demanded basic freedom/rights
III. Skin color continued to be a stigma; “Indian” label of natives viewed as derogatory