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Published byDora Wade Modified over 9 years ago
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At what point did the French Revolution become irreversible?
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Louis XVI Married age 15 Crowned age 19 Introverted Uninterested in government Isolated & Clueless
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Princess of Austria Married at age 14 Lavish in dress “Madame Deficit” Scandals Marie Antoinette
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Estates General- ◦ First Estate-Roman Catholic clergy (1% pop.) ◦ Second Estate-Nobility (1% of pop.) ◦ Third Estate-Bourgeoisie, Artisans, Peasants (98% of pop) Bourgeoisie Bourgeoisie -Middle class people (Doctors, Lawyers, Merchants)
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Clergy 10% of land Nobles Owned 33% of land Bourgeoisie & Artisans Peasants Owned 40% of land
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Long Term ◦ Corrupt & inconsistent leadership ◦ Resentment of 3 rd Estate towards privileges of 1 st & 2 nd ◦ Enlightenment Philosophy
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Government Debt Poor harvest & rising cost of bread Louis XVI rejected financial reforms Formation of National Assembly Storming of the Bastille
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Urban Commoner’s Budget: Urban Commoner’s Budget: –Food 80% –Rent 25% –Tithe 10% –Taxes 35% –Clothing 20% –TOTAL 170% King’s Budget: King’s Budget: –Interest 50% –Army 25% –Versailles 25% –Coronation 10% –Loans 25% –Admin. 25% –TOTAL 160% Financial Problems in 1789
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French Budget, 1774
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Where is the tax money?
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Convening the Estates General May, 1789 Last time it was called into session was 1614!
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“The Third Estate Awakens” 3 rd Estate proclaimed themselves the “National Assembly” of France. 3 rd Estate proclaimed themselves the “National Assembly” of France.
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June 17, 1789 Third Estates created new governing body Tennis Court Oath Tennis Court Oath– Will not leave till they have Written Constitution
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Storming the Bastille, July 14, 1789 Rumor>king was planning military coup against National Assembly. Rumor>king was planning military coup against National Assembly. 18 died. 18 died. 73 wounded. 73 wounded. 7 guards killed. 7 guards killed. It held 7 prisoners It held 7 prisoners
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Slogan of French Revolution: “Liberty, Equality, Fraternity”-Rousseau Written by Marquis de Lafayette
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Fighting for bread Forced King to return to Paris and deal with the people
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National Assembly confiscates and sells off church lands to pay for government debt Civil Constitution of the Clergy>Weakens power of Catholic Church
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The Royal Family Attempts to Flee June, 1791 June, 1791 Helped by the Swedish Count Hans Axel von Fusen [Marie Antoinette’s lover]. Helped by the Swedish Count Hans Axel von Fusen [Marie Antoinette’s lover]. Headed toward the Luxembourg border. Headed toward the Luxembourg border. The King wasrecognized atVarennes, near the border & arrested The King wasrecognized atVarennes, near the border & arrested
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Declaration of Pillnitz Declaration of Pillnitz -Austria and Prussia willing to aide French royal family ◦ Austrian Emperor Joseph II is Queen’s brother French response: Declared war on Austria Other European countries feared France’s fate and that their ideas might spread
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The Great Fear: Peasant Revolt Rumors : feudal aristocracy were sending hired brigands to attack peasants and pillage their land.
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The Path of the “Great Fear”
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Aug 1792 ◦ Paris mobs attack and kill nobles and priests whom they accused of political crimes ◦ Radicals take over National Assembly Call for new constitution
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National Convention National Convention (Sept. 1792) ◦ Wrote first democratic constitutions ◦ Monarchy abolished ◦ Extend vote to all males with or without property ◦ Metric system ◦ New calendar
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Constitutional monarchy Factions within the Assembly ◦ Royalist --nobles wanted to restore monarchy ◦ Sans – Culottes ◦ Sans – Culottes (“those without knee breeches”) common people who wanted to have influence within the government (Radicals/mobs)
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The Sans-Culottes: The Parisian Working Class Small shopkeepers. Tradesmen. Artisans.
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The Sans-Culottes Depicted as Savages by a British Cartoonist.
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Jacobins vs. Girondists ◦ Girondists – moderates, felt Revolution went too far Middle class ◦ Jacobins – radical “Mountains” – most radical Jacobins Calls for the execution of the King
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Maximilien Robespierre Jacobin Lawyer Most Controversial figure of the French Revolution National Convention: Head of Committee of Public Safety
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Georges Danton ◦ Jacobin ◦ New Republics: Minister of Justice ◦ National Convention: President of the Committee of Public Safety Jean-Paul Marat ◦ Jacobin ◦ National Convention member ◦ “Friend of the People” –public paper ◦ Hated by Girondists
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The Reign of Terror Terror is nothing other than justice, prompt, severe, inflexible. -- Robespierre Let terror be the order of the day!
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Committee for Public Safety Revolutionary Tribunals. 300,000 arrested. 16,000 – 50,000 executed.
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The Storming of the Tuilieres: August 9-10, 1792 Triggered by the publication of August 3 Brunswick Manifesto, which confirmed popular suspicions concerning king’s treason.
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Louis XVI as a Pig c For Jacobins, king was traitor. c Girondists felt Revolution had gone far enough and didn’t want to execute the king [maybe exile him]. c For Jacobins, king was traitor. c Girondists felt Revolution had gone far enough and didn’t want to execute the king [maybe exile him].
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Jan. 1793 King Louis XVI was beheaded Tried before the National Convention and convicted of conspiring against the liberty of the nation
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The Death of “Citizen” Louis Capet Matter for reflection for the crowned jugglers. So impure blood doesn’t soil our land!
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Marie Antoinette as a Serpent The “Widow Capet”
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Marie Antoinette excuted in October, 1793
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Marie Antoinette on the Way to the Guillotine Marie Antoinette on the Way to the Guillotine
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France vs. Austria, Prussia, Great Britain, Holland, Spain (1793) National Convention instituted draft ◦ 18-25 army ◦ First draft on European continent ◦ 1796 French armies commanded by young Napoleon Bonaparte
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“The Death of Marat” by Jacques Louis David, 1793
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The Assassination of Marat by Charlotte Corday, 1793
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The Assassination of Marat by Charlotte Corday Paul Jacques Aimee Baudry, 19 c [A Romantic View]
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Different Social Classes Executed 28% 31% 25% 8% 7%
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The “Monster” Guillotine The last guillotine execution in France was in 1939! The last guillotine execution in France was in 1939!
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War of Resistance to the Revolution: The Vendee Revolt, 1793
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Vendee Revolt, 1793 Drowning the Traitors! Vendee Symbol: For God & the King!
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The Arrest of Robespierre
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Revolution Consumes Its Own Children! Danton Robespierre End of Reign of Terror!
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Rise of Napoleon Congress of Vienna tries to put Europe back the way it was.
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Spread of Enlightenment Ideas Reign of Terror caused fear of all Revolutions Revolutions in Europe and Latin America Growth of Nationalism Paris, 1848: To the Barricades!
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