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The Drive for Power in the East, 1650-1796 Absolutism and Enlightened Absolutism
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Austria Turns East Post-1648 HRE War v. Ottoman Emp. (Vienna—1683), Peace of Karlowitz (1699) Counter-Reformation, subdue diets, establish hereditary rule War of Spanish Succession and Peace of Utrecht (1714) Charles VI (1713-40) and Pragmatic Sanction
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Maria Theresa (1740-80): Matriarch of Steel War of Austrian Succession—loss of Silesia Modernization—break assemblies, centralize bureaucracy, tariff union, reform serfdom, etc. Pious Catholic and mother Diplomatic Revolution (1756) and Seven Years War
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Joseph II (1765-90): Royal Idealist Co-ruler with mother Abolished serfdom and attempted a physiocrat reform of agriculture Edict on Idle Institutions Patent of Toleration Legal code equalized Revolt by Belgium, nobles, and Church Ended in failure
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Prussia: Nation Around an Army Combination of Electoral Brandenburg and ducal Prussia (scattered state) Destruction of 30 Yrs War Frederick William, the Great Elector (1640-88) War Commissariat and bureaucracy Standing army (30,000) Repress estates & Junkers Excise tax Religious tolerance (Huguenots)
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Frederick William I (1713-40)— Paternalistic Warlord Stern and efficient taskmaster Merit system Civil Service famous for efficiency (walking stick) Increased army but didn’t use it Potsdam regiment Relationship with son
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Frederick II, the Great (1740-86): Cultured Warrior CC hildhood traumas with father EE nlightenment interests (French, flute, Voltaire) CC odified laws AA ntimachivel and Forms of Government ““ first servant of state” FF ew gains for peasants WW arfare & personality
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Russia: Big and Backward Ivan III (1462-1505) and Ivan IV “Terrible” (1533-84) Drive out Mongols, streltsy, suppress boyars Control of Orthodox Church Autocracy and Russia’s cultural position Time of Troubles (‘til Romanovs)
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Peter I (1685-1725): Modernizing Giant Interest in technology and new ideas (German suburb, foreign advisors) Backwardness of Russia Old Believers and Nikon Great Embassy (navy, industry, army) Streltsy revolt, women, manners, Table of Ranks, Senate, mercantilism Great Northern War (St. Petersburg—”Venice of North” Reactions and effects
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Catherine II (1762-96): Greatness and Power Strong willpower and intellect, German Peter II and palace coup Patronage of arts & Enlightenment Legislative Commission (1767) Education and religious tolerance Charter of Nobility (1785) Pugachev Revolt & serfdom Wars with Ottoman Empire, Polish Partitions Symbol: Potemkin Villages
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