1. Latin America: Colonization and Urbanization

2. Pre-Invasion Describe what life was like for Mesoamerica
Describe life in the Andean Highlands

3. 1492 The end of the Reconquista The Moors expelled (and the Jews)
Cristobal Colombo

4. Columbus Voyage, 1492

5. What was effect back in Europe?
New commodities
New land
New ideas
New groups of immigrants

6. Who went to the New World?
In Latin America:
The Spanish and Portuguese commoners:
Merchant class
Non-nobles, seeking nobility
Conquistadores

7. And they did what? Tried to establish fiefs Created plantation economy
3 phases:
1.) colonial administration (Indian discrimination/slavery)
2.) Colonial society & economy reached maturity
3.) 1700sreform in American colonies

8. The Spanish Caribbean Indigenous peoples were the Taino
- Lived in small villages under authority of chiefs
Showed little resistance to European visitors
Columbus built the fort of Santo Domingo, capital of the Spanish Caribbean
Taino conscripted to mine gold
Encomiendas: land grants to Spanish settlers with total control over local people
Brutal abuses plus smallpox brought decline of Taino populations

9. Cortes
Aztec and Inca societies wealthier, more complex than Caribbean societies
(450 men)
Brought down the Aztec empire
Advanced weapons:
Steel
Gunpowder
Horses
Alliances with indigenous people
Tribal resentment against the Mexica
Diseases (smallpox)

10. The Road the Ancient Mexicas Travelled

11. Pizarro 1532-1533 Defeated the Inca at the capital, Cuzco
Looted gold, silver, other precious metals, jewels from Incan buildings, dead bodies, etc.

12. How could Pizarro’s tiny force do it? (>600)
Many subjects of Incan rule despised the Inca b/c of role as overlord and tax collector
Epidemic disease

13. 1570
End of Age of Conquest
192 Spanish cities and towns in the New World
Colonial American society
European-style society in cities, indigenous culture persisted in rural areas
More exploitation of New World than settlement
Still, many Iberian migrants settled in the Americas,

14. Impact on Native Indian Populations
Population decline
Rise of mestizos
Indian Slavery
Econmiendas
Mita
Flee to the cities
Plaza de Recocijo de Potosi (1830, oil painting)

15. Colonial Government Based on coerced labor Hacienda
Similar to what?
All reported back to the crown
Viceroys (Mexico and Peru)
Then Audiencias (judicial regions)
Then magistrates (town/village)

16. Brazil, model plantation colony
With two people (groups of 3), create an outline of what people need to know about Brazil. Write this like a 1-pager (picture, thesis, CD, etc.)
Share with the class.

17. Multi-racial Societies
Indigenous Americans, Europeans, and Africans brought together in the Americas
As conquerors, Europeans “superior”
People of mixed-parentage in the middle
Slaves at bottom
Disparity as to who was more elite: whites from the Americas (creoles) or from Europe (peninsulares)
Patriarchal culture

18. Reforms in the 18th Century
Spain lost its European dominance
Other European countries took control of Caribbean
Latin America became better able to provide manufactured goods
War of Spanish Succession ended with French Bourbon on throne
Spain had to open trade to British
No more Spanish monopoly!

19. The Bourbons Increased viceroyalties
Exposed corrupt rulers/removed from office
Improved military readiness of colonies
Colonized California

20. The Bourbons Created monopolies/improved economy
Weakened Latin American position (created dependency)
Alienated Creole leadership

21. So, kill the tyrant!
The Creole leadership lead to revolts against the crown
New Granada
Peru
But, social/racial disparity prevented widespread & unified revolt

22. So, where does that leave us?
Widespread social unrest
Widespread racial unrest
Widespread economic disparity