2.  What sort of war was the Thirty Years War when it began?  “The Bohemian Revolt was the first serious clash over the political and religious issues facing the Empire. …Europe was not poised for war in 1618, as all the major powers remained afflicted by their own problems. …Few intended their involvement to lead to a major war, and no one thought of a conflict lasting thirty years” (p. 269).

3.  “…an aristocratic coup led by a minority of desperate militant Protestants” (p. 269)  divided Defensors  applying the Letter of Majesty  Count Jindrich Matyas Thurn (1567-1640)  Protestant assembly  Defensors vs. Regents  the fateful day: 23 May 1618

4.  Protestant assembly  diet  Directors  Count Georg Friedrich von Hohenlohe  Habsburg reaction  demise of Klesl  mobilization  Charles Bonaventure de Longueval, Count of Bucquoy

5.  Habsburgs  Spain  Saxony  Mühlhausen Declaration (20 March 1620)  Poland: Cossacks: “the kind of cavalry that ‘God would not want and the Devil was afraid of’”(p. 292)  Bavaria…and the Catholic League  Treaty of Munich (8 October 1619)  General Jean Tserclaes Tilly

6.  Bohemia / Bohemian Confederation  election and coronation of Frederick V (1619)  Protestant Union  Moravia  Hungary  Austrian Protestants  Britain  Bethlen Gábor (Transylvania) + Ottomans? + Hungary

7.  Rebel tactics  siege of royalist centres in Bohemia  invasion of Austria: attempt on Vienna (1618, 1619)  Habsburg response  defend Vienna  recover Upper and Lower Austria  secure frontier with Upper Palatinate (Bavaria)  invade Lower (=Rhenish) Palatinate (Spain)  invade Lusatia (Saxony)

8.  Battle of White Mountain, 8 November 1620  fall of Prague  submission of Moravia to Ferdinand II  surrender of Lusatia and Silesia to Johann Georg

9.  disorganization  bad reputation of rebellion  no foreign support except from Bethlen  importance of religion as rallying force  a fixed social base: aristocracy  “a fading version of aristocratic corporatism” vs. “a more centralized state” (p. 310)  influence of court  patronage  state service  “The Habsburgs’ decision to make Catholicism the touchstone of political loyalty gave centralization a confessional character, though there was nothing specifically ‘Catholic’ about it” (pp. 310-11).

10.  Lack of heavy artillery in attacks on Vienna: June 1619 (p. 280), November 1619 (p. 291)  “the full horrors of war” (p. 301)  epidemic  cruelty (p. 302)

12.  Frederick V: Winter King in exile  exit the generals and officers  Anhalt, Hohenlohe  demise of the Protestant Union (1621)  end of the Twelve Years Truce (1621)  Dutch Republic and Spain: limited and strategic interest in the Holy Roman Empire  response of Protestant monarchies:  Denmark, England  pacification of Bethlen Gábor (pp. 324-25)

13.  Count Ernst von Mansfeld  Landgrave Moritz of Hessen Kassel  Margrave Georg Friedrich of Baden-Durlach  Magnus of Württemberg  others like Magnus  Christian of Brunswick- Wolfenbüttel  “trade of war” (p. 330)

14.  Hessen-Kassel  http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7c/ HRR_1789_Landgrafschaft_Hessen-Kassel.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7c/ HRR_1789_Landgrafschaft_Hessen-Kassel.png  Baden-Durlach http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ea/ Markgrafschaft_Baden-Durlach.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ea/ Markgrafschaft_Baden-Durlach.png  Württemberg  http://www.pantel- web.de/bw_mirror/history/bwmaps/bw_316.jpg http://www.pantel- web.de/bw_mirror/history/bwmaps/bw_316.jpg  The Duchy of Württemberg is yellow, Electoral Palatinate is green, free imperial cities are pink, lands belonging to prince bishoprics are dark purple.  Duchy of Braunschweig-Wolfenbüttel  http://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Datei:Herzogtum_B raunschweig_1789.png&filetimestamp=20090428162152 http://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Datei:Herzogtum_B raunschweig_1789.png&filetimestamp=20090428162152

15.  Bavaria’s invasion of Upper Palatinate, 1621  Battle of Wimpfen, 1622  Battle of Höchst, 1622  Mansfeld’s invasion of East Frisia, 1622  Battle of Stadtlohn, 1623  re-emergence of Bethlen Gábor, 1623-1624  Hungary in Habsburg hands  Archduke Ferdinand, King of Hungary, 1625

16.  “The significance of the victories of 1620-3 lay not in sweeping constitutional or institutional changes, but in the redistribution of power and wealth to the emperor’s supporters” (p. 348).  Bohemia  a hereditary monarchy  Estates remain but with restrictions. Their “powers now rested on dynastic grace, not inalienable corporate rights” (349).  revocation of the Letter of Majesty  removal of chancellery to Vienna

17.  chancellor and vice-chancellor  “The victories after 1620 enabled Ferdinand to extend his existing patronage to the rest of the Empire. By redistributing conquered land, he undermined the opposition’s economic base while strengthening his supporters’” (p. 350).  an improvised, not a coherent, strategy

18.  Blood Court  28 executions in Prague: 21 June 1621  “undoubtedly unnecessary and a mistake” (p. 352)  Land Transfers  “the largest transfer of property in Europe before the seizures during the Communist takeover after 1945” (p. 353)  confiscation of land: the standard penalty for rebellion  state power and “the reordering of personal relationships” (p. 354)  concentration of landed wealth among a small group of Ferdinand’s supporters

19.  the fate of the Palatinate  rewards for Maximilian I: 1. the Upper Palatinate 2. part of the eastern Lower Palatinate 3. electoral title  “Maximilian remained bound to Ferdinand whose help he needed to secure wider recognition of his new status” (p. 356).  eleven new princes (1624)  “Ferdinand’s programme worked by changing people, not institutions, brining loyalists to the fore and marginalizing opponents” (p. 357).

20.  the formation of a “solidly Catholic political and social elite” (p. 357)  Nobles became Catholic. Some did so opportunistically.  Rebels lost religious and political rights and property.  “re-catholicization” similar to Munich plan (1579)  Catholicism a prerequisite for citizenship in towns  Protestant exiles  advantages / disadvantages  “The Palatine and Bohemian causes, both defeated, lived on as justification for Danish and Swedish intervention” (p. 361).