1. October 30, 2008 New Territory

2. Luis Muñoz  1910-1916, lived in U.S. and worked for independence of his homeland  Puerto Ricans made U.S. citizens after death

3. Puerto Rico  feared the U.S. would not grant self-rule  Some wanted independence  Some wanted statehood  Others wanted to be an American territory

4. General Nelson A. Miles  U.S. forces took the island.  General Miles assured Puerto Ricans that Americans would bring protection  Puerto Rico ruled by military

5. Return to Civil Government  Many Puerto Ricans had dreams of independence or statehood  the U.S. had different plans for the island’s future  It was strategically important to U.S.  Can you think of why?

6. On the Map

7. Importance of Puerto Rica  Gave the U.S. presence in the Caribbean & would protect a future canal that American leaders wanted to build in Panama

8.  Foraker Act ended military rule and set up a civil government  President has the power to appoint Puerto Rico’s governor and members of the upper house of its legislature  Puerto Rican’s could elect only the members of the legislature’s lower house

9.  Insular Cases – Constitution does not apply to acquired land  Congress granted U.S. citizenship to Puerto Rico in 1917.  It also gave them the right to elect both houses of their legislature.

10. Cuba and the United States  The US it recognized Cuba’s independence from Spain  Teller Amendment - stated that the U.S. had no intention of taking over Cuba  The Treaty of Paris - granted Cuba the independence

11. American Soldiers  Cuba was occupied by American troops when the war ended  Jose Marti feared that US would merely replace Spain and dominate Cuban politics  The same officials who had served Spain remained in office, and those who protested were imprisoned or exiled.

12. Military Relief  provided food and clothing  helped farmers put land back into cultivation  organized elementary schools  the military helped eliminate yellow fever through improved sanitation and medical support

13. A Look at Cuba

14. Cuba’s Constitution  1900 – newly formed Cuba wrote constitution for independent Cuba  Constitution does not define America’s relationship with the country, so they insist on an amendment

15. Platt Amendment  Cuba couldn’t make treaties that might limit its independence or permit a foreign power to control any part of its territory  US reserved the right to intervene in Cuba  The US could buy/lease land on the island for naval stations and refueling stations

16. Cuba Becomes a Protectorate  U.S. won’t pull out soldiers until Platt Amendment signed  Cubans reluctantly ratified the new constitution  In 1903, the Platt Amendment became part of a treaty; Cuba became a US protectorate

17. Protecting Business  American businesses invested in sugar, tobacco, and mining industries on the island  Many wanted to annex and impose colonial rule on new territories. Why?  Some were concerned about colonial entanglements. Like Who?

18.  Many times, the U.S. would intervene in the affairs of other nations in the western hemisphere  As you can see on the transparency

19. The Philippines  Filipinos outraged about the Treaty of Paris, which called for American annexation of the Philippines

20. Emilio Aguinaldo  believed that the US had promised independence  vowed to fight for freedom  February 1899 he/his followers rose in revolt

21. Philippine-American War  US assumed almost the same role that Spain had played, imposing its authority on a colony that was fighting for freedom  When Aguinaldo turned to guerilla tactics, the US forced Filipinos to live in designated zones, where poor sanitation, starvation, and disease killed thousands

23.  Many of the troops sent were African Americans  Some African-American soldiers deserted to the Filipino side and developed bonds of friendship with the Filipinos

24. Cost of War  It took nearly 3 years to put down the rebellion  About 20,000 rebels died and the war claimed 4,000 American lives and cost $400 million- 20 times the price the US had paid to purchase the islands.

25. So What Happened?  The US set up a government similar to the one it had established for Puerto Rico  The Philippines slowly moved toward independence and finally became an independent republic on July 4, 1946

26. Why Want China?

27. China seen as vast potential market for American products Presented American investors with new opportunities for large- scale railroad construction

28. Weakened by war and foreign intervention, China had become known as the “sick man of Asia” France, Germany, Britain, Japan, and Russia had established prosperous settlements along the coast of China They also had carved out spheres of influence

30.  US fear that China would be carved into colonies and American trade would be cut off to Americans

31. John Hay  US Secretary of State  issued a series of policy statements called the Open Door Notes

32.  addressed to the leaders of imperialist nations proposing that the nations share their trading rights with the U.S.

33.  No single nation would have a monopoly on trade with any part of China  The other imperialist powers reluctantly accepted this policy

34. Boxer Rebellion  Although China kept its freedom, Europeans dominated most of China’s large cities  Chinese formed secret societies pledged to rid the country of “foreign devils”  The famous of these secret groups were the Boxers

36.  They killed hundreds of missionaries and other foreigners as well as Chinese converts to Christianity  In 1900, troops from Britain, France, Germany, Japan, and American soldiers and marched on the Chinese capital  The international forces put down the Boxer Rebellion

37. After the Rebellion  The US feared that European nations would use their victory to take even greater control of China  John Hay issued a second series of Open Door Notes, the US would “safeguard for the world the principle of equal and impartial trade with all parts of the Chinese Empire”  It paved the way for greater American influence in Asia

38. What did the Open Door Policy reflect about American Beliefs?  the growth of the US economy depended on exports  U.S. had a right to intervene abroad to keep foreign markets open  Feared that the closing of an area to American products, citizens, or ideas threatened US survival