1. Energy Efficiency or Energy Politics? An evaluation of the place of National Energy Efficiency and Conservation Strategies (NEECS) in New Zealand Law and Policy. Henare Te Rongonui Waihape BE (Mech & Elect) Auckland LLB / BSc (Hons), MSc Waikato Energy Efficiency or Energy Politics? An evaluation of the place of National Energy Efficiency and Conservation Strategies (NEECS) in New Zealand Law and Policy. Henare Te Rongonui Waihape BE (Mech & Elect) Auckland LLB / BSc (Hons), MSc Waikato

2. Overview Mihi: Ki te hau kainga me ng ā manuhiri tu ārangi. 1. Introduction. 2.What is Energy Efficiency? 3.Brief history of Energy Efficiency in New Zealand. 4.Energy Efficiency and Conservation Act 2000. 5.Energy Efficiency and Conservation Authority (EECA). 6.National Energy Efficiency and Conservation Strategy (NEECS). 7. Research Issues 8.Conclusion. Overview Mihi: Ki te hau kainga me ng ā manuhiri tu ārangi. 1. Introduction. 2.What is Energy Efficiency? 3.Brief history of Energy Efficiency in New Zealand. 4.Energy Efficiency and Conservation Act 2000. 5.Energy Efficiency and Conservation Authority (EECA). 6.National Energy Efficiency and Conservation Strategy (NEECS). 7. Research Issues 8.Conclusion.

3. Introduction Introduction Mahia Peninsula, Northern Hawkes Bay, New Zealand

4. Introduction Kinikini Station, Long Point, Mahia Peninsula.

5. Introduction Royal New Zealand Navy – MEO / EEO 1996- 2002

6. Introduction Genesis Energy – e3p (CCGT) Huntly Power Station

7. Foreshore and Seabed Act 2004

8. Acknowledgments Energy Efficiency: A Comparative Analysis of the New Zealand Legal Framework, Marcel Eusterfeldhaus (LLM), Professor Barry Barton, (2010). Comparison between New Zealand, California and Germany. 1.Previous research briefly highlighted issues with regard to New Zealand’s energy efficiency legal and policy framework. 2.Key research finding “Energy efficiency improvements occur without state action, but only slowly, and there is a strong case for collective action through the state”. Acknowledgments Energy Efficiency: A Comparative Analysis of the New Zealand Legal Framework, Marcel Eusterfeldhaus (LLM), Professor Barry Barton, (2010). Comparison between New Zealand, California and Germany. 1.Previous research briefly highlighted issues with regard to New Zealand’s energy efficiency legal and policy framework. 2.Key research finding “Energy efficiency improvements occur without state action, but only slowly, and there is a strong case for collective action through the state”.

9. Energy Supply and Demand Supply Generation Distribution & Transmission Networks Total primary energy supply in New Zealand, 2008. (Data source: Ministry of Economic Development, 2008a). Energy Supply and Demand Supply Generation Distribution & Transmission Networks Total primary energy supply in New Zealand, 2008. (Data source: Ministry of Economic Development, 2008a).

10. Demand Retail End users (Consumer energy demand by sector) Consumer energy demand in New Zealand by sector, 2008 (Data source: Ministry of Economic Development, 2008a). Demand Retail End users (Consumer energy demand by sector) Consumer energy demand in New Zealand by sector, 2008 (Data source: Ministry of Economic Development, 2008a).

11. Energy Efficiency What is energy efficiency? Economist – Energy efficiency encompasses all changes that result in decreasing the amount of energy used to produce one unit of economic activity (e.g. the energy used per unit of GDP or value added). Energy Efficiency and Conservation Act 2000 – A change to energy use that results in an increase in net benefits per unit of energy. The focus on change is distinctive – A change in: Human behaviour, Technology, Financial constraints, Global awareness of climate change, Government legislation and regulation.

12. Energy Efficiency Legislation in New Zealand Energy Efficiency Legislation in New Zealand 1975 - 1985 “Think Big” Projects 1980 Govt Energy Plan – Identified Energy Efficiency 1982 Govt Energy Plan - Energy Conservation Strategy - Main priority ensuring energy supply 1992 Govt established the Energy Efficiency and Conservation Authority (EECA) EECA to develop long term plan (did not happen) 1996 Govt MEPS (Minimum Energy Performance Standards) (did not happen) 1997 EECA under review and experiencing funding reductions 1998 Energy Efficiency and Conservation Bill 2000 Energy Efficiency and Conservation Act 2000 Clyde Dam, Clutha River., Otago.

13. Energy Efficiency and Conservation Act 2000 Section 5 – “To promote, in New Zealand, energy efficiency, energy conservation, and the use of renewable sources of energy.” Three main elements under the Act: 1.The establishment of the Energy Efficiency and Conservation Authority(EECA) on a statutory basis. 2.National Energy Efficiency and Conservation Strategy (NEECS); and 3.Regulations. Government authorities charged with developing NEECS Energy Efficiency and Conservation Act 2000 Section 5 – “To promote, in New Zealand, energy efficiency, energy conservation, and the use of renewable sources of energy.” Three main elements under the Act: 1.The establishment of the Energy Efficiency and Conservation Authority(EECA) on a statutory basis. 2.National Energy Efficiency and Conservation Strategy (NEECS); and 3.Regulations. Government authorities charged with developing NEECS

14. National Energy Efficiency and Conservation Strategies (NEECS) EE Target Comparison 2001 2007 2010 ( Draft) 2011 National Energy Efficiency and Conservation Strategies (NEECS) EE Target Comparison 2001 2007 2010 ( Draft) 2011 To meet target – Improvement of 20% in economy wide energy efficiency by 2012. NZ need to lift rate of improvement in energy efficiency by 40%. Not an actual target, but merely a prediction of what the targets could be. The MED and not EECA took the lead the and produced the draft NEECS. The economy –wide target focussed on energy efficiency and energy intensity States a goal for Energy Intensity Energy intensity is the energy used per unit of gross domestic product (GDP). States a goal for Energy Productivity Energy productivity is GDP per unit of energy – the inverse of energy intensity.

15. Energy Efficiency Policy Research Project This research critically evaluates the place of National Energy Efficiency and Conservation Strategies (NEECS) in New Zealand energy efficiency law and policy. Key areas of legal research: The relationship between energy efficiency targets and policies; Policy shifts over time in the nature of energy efficiency targets; The relationship between strategies, energy efficiency data, progress reports and monitoring; The relationship between energy efficiency policy instruments, institutions and actors responsible for developing and implementing New Zealand’s NEECS. Preliminary findings Watch this space Energy Efficiency Policy Research Project This research critically evaluates the place of National Energy Efficiency and Conservation Strategies (NEECS) in New Zealand energy efficiency law and policy. Key areas of legal research: The relationship between energy efficiency targets and policies; Policy shifts over time in the nature of energy efficiency targets; The relationship between strategies, energy efficiency data, progress reports and monitoring; The relationship between energy efficiency policy instruments, institutions and actors responsible for developing and implementing New Zealand’s NEECS. Preliminary findings Watch this space