1. CHAPTER 18 Section 1:Explaining Social Change Section 2:Modernization Social Change and Modernization

2. SECTION 1 Question: What are the four theories of social change? Explaining Social Change

3. SECTION 1 Explaining Social Change TheoryDescriptionCriticisms THEORIES OF SOCIAL CHANGE Cyclical  Spengler—four stages: childhood, youth, adulthood, old age  Sorokin—fluctuation between ideational culture (spiritual) and sensate culture (scientific), with idealistic culture in the middle  focused on describing what is, instead of why things happen Evolutionary  early—the progress through distinct stages toward complexity  modern—tendency to go along many paths toward increasing complexity  biased toward the West; does not explain why change occurs  does not explain short- term changes or wars Equilibrium  Parsons—occurs as society adapts to maintain stability after a change in one area; involves differentiation and integration  does not explain wide- spread social change with- in or between societies Conflict  Marx—results from class conflict and revolution  Dahrendorf—results from social conflicts of all forms  does not always lead to revolution  does not explain change without conflict

4. SECTION 2 Question: What are the positive and negative consequences of modernization on social life? Modernization

5. SECTION 2 Modernization EFFECTS OF MODERNIZATION Positive  increase in standard of living  longer life expectancies  lower birthrates  higher rates of literacy  decrease in economic and social inequality  more personal comforts  improved infrastructure  electricity and communication technology  establishment of educational institutions Negative  loss of some traditional authority for the family and religion  weaker social relationships and increased feelings of social isolation  moral and ethical questions  some environmental problems  some health problems

6. Chapter Wrap-Up 1.According to Pitirim Sorokin, how do ideational and sensate cultures differ? 2.What are the major features of the evolutionary theory of social change? 3.Briefly describe the equilibrium theory of social change. Why does this theory appeal to some sociologists? 4.Why do conflict theorists view social change as inevitable? 5.Why did modernization theory have a strong following in the 1950s and 1960s? 6.What moral and ethical issues does modern technology pose? 1.According to Pitirim Sorokin, how do ideational and sensate cultures differ? 2.What are the major features of the evolutionary theory of social change? 3.Briefly describe the equilibrium theory of social change. Why does this theory appeal to some sociologists? 4.Why do conflict theorists view social change as inevitable? 5.Why did modernization theory have a strong following in the 1950s and 1960s? 6.What moral and ethical issues does modern technology pose? CHAPTER 18