1. The Early Middle Ages 7th to the 10th Century Roman Empire Decline
German Invasions Affecting Artistic Development and Other
Radical Changes in Social & Political Organizations
In addition to the German invasions were those from Islam.

2. Islamic Art Idolatry forbidden
Consisted mainly of abstracts, floral patterns, or other geometric objects
Sculpture almost nonexistent
Abundance of monumental architecture & architectural decorations

3. Islamic Art Expressions
Mosque:
A place to pray and face towards Mecca
Sahn: enclosed courtyard that all mosques have.
Qibla: prayer wall
Mihrab: small nitche to indicate the direction of Mecca.
Exterior:
Tall minarets
Large and elaborate
Hagia Sophia changed into a mosque

4. Islam Islam means “submission to God’s will”
Founded by the prophet Muhammed
Message is “brotherhood of Man” & equality before God (Allah)
Differs from Christianity
No priesthood, no religious hierarchy, sacraments or requirements of literagy
Does include rulers and leaders in prayer

5. Islamic Instruction Faithfully conduct their daily lives
Circumcise male infants
Pray to Allah five times a day facing Mecca.
Worship in the mosque on Fridays
Give to the poor, Fast and practice abstinence in the daylight during Ramaden
Allowed multiple wives

6. The Great Mosque, Cordoba
Mosque built in capital city
Striking example of Islamic art
Double arches first used here were duplicated in additions.
(11.1,11.2, 11.3 & 11.4)
Christians later turned this into a cathedral but it still conveys the original orientation of Islam.

7. Northern European Art Influenced by the Germanic tribes
New focus on artistic and political activities
No monumental structure, paintings or sculpture was done to the constant invasions
Invaders stimulated a new craft. . .
Metalwork designs and techniques

8. Anglo-Saxon Metalwork
Purse cover from the 17th century.
Found among a pagan ship wreckage treasures suggesting royalty
Is of gold decoration; cloisonne enamel originally on ivory or bone & dark red garnets.
Early Christian intelace designs and Near Eastern motifs
SuttonHoo purse cover from East Anglia, England, 630 AD
Merging animal forms suggest invasion

9. Beowulf Earliest surviving European epic
German folklore with strong Christian morality.
A strange king child found adrift Denmark “Scyld Scefing”
Famed was this Beowulf: far flew the boast of him, son of Scyld, in the Scandian lands. So becomes it a youth to quit him well with his father's friends, by fee and gift, that to aid him, aged, in after days, come warriors willing, should war draw nigh, liegemen loyal: by lauded deeds shall an earl have honor in every clan.

10. Hiberno-Saxon Art Ireland escaped invasions at this time
St. Patrick spread Christianity throughout Ireland and for years later it became a haven for scholars, missionaries, monasteries, . .
Christian art also prevailed across Ireland.
Style has been called Insular and Hiberno-Saxon (Hiberno is Latin for “Ireland”)

11. Manuscript Illumination
Illuminated manuscripts produced by monks in monasteries.
Illustrated the Word of God; Visual pleasures
Used a strict unity of color and form.
Crisp, clear sometines contrasting colors; flat surfaces; patterning
Lion Symbol of St. John, from the Book of Durrow, After AD650. Represents St. John, Evangelist as a lion later an eagle.

12. Carolingian Period Book of Kells
Corresponds with the crowning of Charles the Great-Roman empr.
Charlemagne ruled over the Holy Roman Empire and surrounding territories and revived culture.
Network of learning was created
Latin manuscript texts. . .7LibArts
11.7 Tunc Crucifixerant XPI, from the Book of Kells (Matthew 27:38) Then they crucified Christ & with him two thieves

13. Manuscripts
Charlemagne’s rule involved the Roman revival of culture with manuscripts
Manuscripts worked towards development of a practical form of portable artistic and educational communication
They continued after Charlemagne’s death but more apocalyptic approach
Flatter space, figures connected by geometric design rather than landscapes.

14. Revelation & the Four Symbols of Evangelsits
Revelation-last book of the New Testament
Written by St. John
John’s account of Christ’s word in his appearance to him.
Visionary work with scripture, literary tradition and symbols: lion, bull, man, eagle.
Lion: St. Mark; Bull: St. Luke; Man: St. Matthew, Eagle: St. John.
11.8 Four Evangelists, from a Carolingian Gospel Book

15. Monasteries Each monastery: School
Network for artists and scholars to communicate.
Religious and Administrative Center for economic functions
Communal living quarters for Monks
Plans for monstery of St.Gall, Switzerland; plan placed church in the center; building around in order of importance of education

16. Ottonian Period
Charlemagne’s grandsons were ineffective rulers of the European reign & fell to invaders.
After the Vikings takeover, the Saxons crowned Otto I as Otto the Great, emperor.
Ottonian refers to rulers named Otto who worked to continue Charlemagne’s revival of Classical antiquity.

17. Major Works of the Ottonian Period
Architectural work:
Benedictine abbey church of St. Michael’s
Metalwork at Hildesheim