1. The United States and the Mexican Revolution1

2. The Mexican Revolution
David Siquieros Mural: “Poeple in Arms”

3. Mexico Under Porfirio Diaz
Diaz became President in 1877, and imposed order by suppressing opposition.
He attracted foreign investors, especially the United States
By 1908 the United States controlled ¾ of Mexican mining
By 1913 more than ½ of Mexico’s $2 Billion in foreign investments came from the United States 3

4. Los Rurales
Porfirio Díaz
( )

5. The Decadence of the Porfiriato
David Siquieros Mural: "Don Porfirio [Diaz] and his Courtesans"
A Mural by Diego Rivera
The Decadence of the Porfiriato

6. The seeds of revolution
Diaz’s policies were not popular with all Mexicans, especially the workers and the poor
Emiliano Zapata wanted land for the American Indian peasant population
Diaz resigned in May of 1911 after rebel troops were victorious in northern and central Mexican cities 6

8. Francisco Madero

9. Madero entered Mexico City to triumphal acclaim in early June 1911.

10. Madero and the Revolutionary Leadership, 1911

11. Emiliano Zapata and the Revolution in Morelos

12. David Siquieros‘ “Zapata on Horseback”
Emiliano Zapata ( )

13. Zapatistas moving to take cornfields.

14. Fransisco Madero Madero was elected President in 1911
The United States supported Madero’s attempt to create a democratic government by placing an embargo on arms sales to his opponents
February 1913 = rebels, led by his own military chiefs, attack Madero’s forces to gain control of Mexico
Victoriano Huerta, Madero’s commanding general, took control of the country
Madero was imprisoned and killed while supposedly trying to escape 14

15. Félix Díaz Madero fell to a military coup in February of 1913
General Bernardo Reyes
Félix Díaz
General Vitoriano Huerta
Madero fell to a military coup in February of 1913
Henry Lane Wilson
Fraincisco Madero

16. Huerta’s Mexico
Most European governments recognized Huerta as the new leader of Mexico
The United States did NOT recognize Huerta because of how he had come to power. President Wilson began his “watchful waiting” for a chance to take Huerta out of power
Huerta also faced opposition from 4 rebel armies led by Venustiano Carranza, Fransisco ‘Pancho’ Villa, Emiliano Zapata, and Alvaro Obregon 16

17. General Victoriano
Huerta

18. The Dolphin Incident
the US ship was stationed near Tampico, a town controlled by Huerta. Several crew members were arrested by Huerta loyalists when they went ashore. They were released, and an apology was offered by the arresting soldiers’ superiors BUT the United States demanded a formal apology and a 21 gun salute to the American flag
April 22-Congress gave Wilson permission to use armed forces against Mexico 18

19. United States Intervention
Wilson got his opportunity to act quickly
The United States seized the port city of Veracruz because they had learned a German ship was landing there with arms for Huerta
19 marines and over 300 Mexican civilians were killed during the capture of the city. Huerta’s troops had already left the city 19

20. April 1914: President Wilson sends U.S. troops to occupy Veracruz

21. Monuments to the Defenders of Veracruz against U.S. troops
U.S. troop ship
Monuments to the Defenders of Veracruz against U.S. troops

22. Other countries intervene
Argentina, Brazil, and Chile– the ABC powers convened a conference about the crisis in Mexico
They called for Huerta’s resignation and the creation of a provisional government
Huerta refused until July 1914 when he resigned and fled to Spain 22

23. The End of the Revolution
In March 1915 Venustiano Carranza became the provisional president of Mexico after he re- entered Mexico City. The United States recognized his government six months later
2/3 of Mexico was still under the control of rebel leaders Emiliano Zapata and Pancho Villa until April 1915 when Villa was defeated 23

24. Villa and Zapata in Mexico City
November, 1914

25. Villa’s Troops Enter Chihuahua, 1914

26. The First Chief: Carranza

27. Venustiano Carranza (1859-1920)
“Plan of Guadalupe”

28. Venutiano Carranza and Alvaro Obregón

29. Alvaro Obregón ( )

30. Pancho Villa
Villa was upset the United States had recognized Carranza’s government because he believed the United States should not have interfered in Mexican politics
Villa raided a small New Mexican town Americans and over 100 of Villa’s men were killed
Wilson sent General John J. Pershing to Mexico to capture Villa “dead or alive” 30

31. Pancho Villa and His Supporters

32. The Pursuit of Pancho Villa
15,000 US troops tried to capture Villa in his home state, but they were unsuccessful
Pershing’s troops battled Mexican soldiers when the US troops entered the city of Carrizal instead of going around it
When Wilson realized a war between the 150,000 US troops on Mexico’s border and the Mexicans was imminent, Wilson ordered the troops to withdraw in January 1917 32

33. Pancho Villa

34. Venustiano Carranza in Power
Carranza called for a Constitutional Convention in December 1916
Villa was still in hiding and Zapata’s only stronghold was in the South
A new constitution was ratified in February 1917
The constitution put the common welfare above that of individual rights; protected workers with an 8 hour day, the right to establish unions, and collectively bargain; and established national ownership of most of Mexico’s natural resources 34

35. Between 1910 and 1920, between 1.5 and 2 million Mexican lost their lives in the Revolution.
The census takers in 1920 counted almost a million fewer Mexican than they had found only a decade before.

36. Las Soldaderas

37. Las Soldaderas

38. Rivera’s “Good Government”