1. Islam in India and Southeast Asia

2. Islam in South Asia Overview
711 Muslims conquer Sind
700’s-900’s some coastal communities such as the Labbes convert with Arab merchants
1020’s Ghaznavids establish control over Afghanistan and NW India
1192 Ghurids conquer Lahore and Delhi  Era of the Delhi Sultanate
Tamerlane invades… Delhi destroyed

4. The Ghaznavids
Mahmud of Ghazna (d. 1030): Turkic nomadic military leader whose father established control of Samanid outpost in Ghazna
The Ghaznavids raided into the Punjab and eventually that area became the basis of their rule after the 1050’s
Patronized Persian poetry

5. The Delhi Sultanate
Defeat the Ghaznavids in 1192 – more rebel Turkish guards!
Mamluks: Qutb al-Din Aybak was slave of last Ghurid
Razia Sultan (r )
Islam introduced to Kashmir in 1313 with Shah Mir of Swat
Destroyed by Tamerlane

6. Conversion Artisans and petty merchants first to convert
In rural areas converts retained Hindu customs and socialized within their caste
Bengal sees continuation of customs like seeking auspices from Hindu holymen

7. Jizya
Muhammad b. al-Qasim excepted the Brahmins, who collected it from others.
Delhi sultans varied in their policies
Akbar abolished it; but scholars understood this as being due to the fact that so many Hindu soldiers served in the army
Aurangzeb re-imposed it

8. Syncretism & Conflict
From Ghaznavids on Hindu soldiers used in Muslim armies
Delhi Sultanates main bureaucrats are Hindus
A cast of Brahmins called Husainis fast Ramadan, call Muhammad a Hindu avatar
But both Hindus and Muslims can hold stereotypes of uncleanliness for the other
In 1320’s Khusraw Khan rebels against the Delhi sultans and massacres Muslim women and children… puts idols in mosques

9. 1700’s see further polarization
Revivalists like Shah Wali Allah seek to reconstitute pure Arabian Islam against Hindu practices
Shaykh Ahmad Sirhindi (d. 1624) of the Naqshbandiyya rejects syncretism (rejects Akbar’s heresy), condemns Hinduism as Kufr
Vs. Qadiriyya saint Mirza Jani Janan (d. 1780) who considers Vedas inspired scriptures and Hindus to be People of the Book / idolatry as means of focusing on God… also Dara Shikoh and Upanishads as wellspring of monotheism

10. Major Sufi Orders in India
Chistiyya: founded by Muin al-Din Chishti (d. 1193) in India
Emphasizes Shariah compliance and Hadith, but…
Ecstatic music and dance in rituals
Pioneers of Qawwali music at shrines
Naqshbandiyya: founded by Baha’ al-Din Naqshbandi (d. 1389)
found throughout Asia and the Balkans
Shariah complaint emphasis – revivalist even
Shuns music and dance, silent dhikr
Vs. Shattariyya Sufi order whose devotees lived in the forests like Yogis and derived liturgical practices from Yoga

11. Qawwali Music
Draws on musical traditions of India, Persian and Arabic music
Songs in Urdu, Persian
Addresses themes of the Prophet, Ali, God and love songs

12. Performed by Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan (d. 1997)
Haqq Ali Haqq
Performed by Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan (d. 1997)
From translated by Mohibb Uddin Ahmad
Ali is the master of all, I am the slave of Ali thousands of lives are to be sacrificed for Ali
Sometimes the wall shakes, sometimes the door trembles listening the name of Ali, the fort of Khaibar trembles even now
King of the brave Ali, Ali master Ali
Who implanted the flag of faith in the rocks who challenged Marhab** and defeated him
Ali, Ali master Ali
My heart chants this this is the name that is true this is the name that removes sufferings auspiciousness of this name opened the secrets of being
King of the brave there is no one except Ali Ali is the lion of God

13. Ali, Ali master Ali
My body chants Ali, so does my tongue if I die, then write Ali on my shroud
Truth, truth, Ali, Ali master Ali
Without the love of Ali, desired is not fulfilled not even the returns for the prayers O slaves of God listen carefully, by God !! one who does not realize Ali does not realize God
Don't search for anything now, match the eternal search match the footprints of the desired destination with guide to get Ali is like getting a house of God searching for God too, we found Him in Ali's house
Sight of Ali is itself is prayer, so said the Prophet Ali is the soul, body and life of the Prophet
why wouldn't be Ali 'the lion of God' be the hand of God
the king of all warriors-Ali is intended in every favor/gift
just as there is no one like Mohammad (PBUH)
no other Ali could never have born
'Bedam' these are the five reasons of the existence of the universe: Fatima, Hasan, Hussain, Mustafaa, Ali

14. Islam in SE Asia Overview
1200’s some Sumatran port cities become Muslim, the straits of Malacca Islamized
By 1500 Islam a major force in Malaysian archipelago

16. Trade or Chinese Muslim Pirates?
Islam spreads in coastal communities along trade routes
Acheh: in 1292 Marco Polo describes flourishing Muslim community their ruled by a sultan
Malacca: develops around 1400, straits are key trading channel

17. Links to India and Yemen
Part of Islamicate civilization
Arabic language as language of high culture and administration
Shafi school is dominant
Links to Yemeni Sufism
Links to Indian Islamic scholarship