1. THE CONSERVATIVE ORDER
Europe regains control after Napoleonic Wars

2. CONGRESS OF VIENNA 1815
Europe’s major powers were determined to restore order after the dual forces of liberalism and nationalism arose in the late 18th century
The 4 major enemies of France meet to discuss peace settlement and new era of Conservatism

3. THE PEACE SETTLEMENT
Leaders of Britain, Austria, Prussia, and Russia met
They restored the Bourbon Dynasty to France
Leaders guided by principles of Legitimacy and Balance of Power
LOUIS XVIII

4. KEY PLAYERS Castlereagh (Britain) Talleyrand (France)
Metternich (Austria) was the leader who hated liberalism and nationalism
He sought a return to the Old Order
Klemens von Metternich

5. CONSERVATIVE IDEOLOGY
Reaction against French Revolution
Drew ideas from Edmund Burke’s book
Citizens have duty to state- a partnership
No violent overthrows
No sudden change
Obedience to political authority (Monarchy)
Organized religion crucial
No Civil liberties
Community over individuals

6. METTERNICH LED 4 SESSIONS OF “CONGRESS”
Congress of Vienna (1815) members agreed to meet periodically to maintain proper order
1) Aix-la-Chapelle 1818 Adds France to alliance
2) Troppau 1820 Established Principle of Intervention
3) Laibach Restored Bourbons to Italy
4) Verona France ok’ed to crush Spanish rebels

7. LATIN AMERICAN INDEPENDENCE
Principle of Intervention could not extend to Latin America as many countries gain independence
Venezuela
Columbia
Chile
Lima
Brazil

8. GREEK INDEPENDENCE
In 1821, Greeks rebel against their long-time landlords- the Ottoman Turks
Greek Independence Movement transformed into noble cause.
In 1827, British and France combine to bring down Ottoman fleet
In 1830, Greeks win hard fought Independence
A victory for liberals and nationalists

9. 19th CENTURY “ISMS” LIBERALISM
Liberalism’s origins could be found in the Enlightenment and American and French Revolutions
Tenets included;
Civil Liberties
Freedom
Religious tolerance
Anti-censorship
Laissez-Faire Economics
Extended suffrage
Executive branch checked by constitution

10. KEY PLAYER- THOMAS MALTHUS
Thomas Malthus (Essay on the Principle of Population) believed population would surpass food supply. He theorized that while food increased arithmetically, population increased geometrically. Misery and poverty was the result.

11. KEY PLAYER – DAVID RICARDO
David Ricardo argued in his book, Principles of Political Economy, that an increase in population would mean an abundance of workers which would suppress wages =“Iron law of wages”

12. JOHN STUART MILL English philosopher
Most famous book, On Liberty (1859)
Considered definitive statement on individual liberty
Wrote of women’s rights in his classic, On the Subjection of Women (1867)
Important book for 19th century women’s movement

13. NATIONALISM
Origins in French Revolution and their ability to marshal support for the war effort
Refers to an awareness of being part of a community
Belonging to a nation
Focus on an individual’s loyalty
Political borders to be determined by cultural similarities

14. EARLY SOCIALISM
Pitiful conditions of early Industrial Revolution gave rise to ideology known as Socialism
Later associated with Marxism, early Socialists believed economic and social equality and human cooperation was better than competition
Sometimes called, Utopian Socialists, members were against private property

15. KEY PLAYERS
Charles Fourier: Proposed small communities -phalansteries – with 1620 folks
Robert Owen tried to establish communes in Scotland & Indiana in 1820s
Louis Blanc’s Organization of Work called for gov’t asst.
Flora Tristan was a utopian socialist & feminist- Worker’s union

16. REVOLUTION & REFORM
In 1830, forces of liberalism, nationalism and revolution began to break through the conservative stranglehold on Europe
It began in 1830 in France when King Charles X issued The July Ordinances- Immediately caused The July Revolution which deposed the King in favor of his cousin Louis-Philippe
Louis Philippe

17. LOUIS PHILIPPE: THE BOURGEOIS MONARCH
Constitutional changes that favored the bourgeois were instituted
Opposition soon emerged as Louis Philippe’s government failed to placate the working class

18. REVOLUTIONARY OUTBURSTS IN BELGIUM, POLAND, AND ITALY
While liberalism played a key role in the French Rev. of 1830, nationalism played a key role in revolutions elsewhere
Belgium rose up against the Dutch in 1830 successfully
Not so successful for the Italians (Austrian control) & Poles (Russian control)

19. REFORM IN GREAT BRITAIN
The ruling elite in Britain (Whigs) realized reform was needed to avoid revolution. They passed a election reform bill in 1832 given voice to previously ignored districts and eligible voters doubled in number. Also Poor Laws enacted in 1834 and Corn Laws repealed in 1846.

20. REVOLUTIONS OF 1848 By 1848, forces of liberalism & nationalism arose
Starts again in France
Under the leadership of Adolphe Thiers, Radical Republicans seize the government and set up Provisional Gov’t
Before too long, only Russia & Great Britain remained untouched by revolution
Adolphe Thiers

21. GROWING SPLIT IN FRANCE
Moderate Republicans split with Radical Republics
Unemployment surged and government forced to close national workshops (Louis Blanc)
Workers revolted and gov’t crushed uprising
New Constitution in 1848 established the Second Republic with Napoleon’s nephew (Charles Louis Napoleon Bonaparte) as ruler
Charles Louis Napoleon Bonaparte

22. REVOLUTIONS IN CENTRAL EUROPE: GERMANY
News of the revolution in France spread quickly
Government in Germany moved to enact changes to prevent revolution
Including; anti-censorship, male suffrage, a new constitution
Frankfort Assembly led the way in reform
However, Frankfort Assembly soon disbanded and the reform impulse with it

23. REVOLUTION OF 1848: AUSTRIA
News of Paris encourage Austria to erupt in flames in 1848
Hungarian liberals under Louis Kossuth wanted own legislature
Metternich flees as Buda, Prague, and Vienna revolt
Emperor Ferdinand I makes concessions but waits for his chance to regain control – he abdicates in favor of Francis Joseph I
Hungarian revolt only crushed after Russian’s helped in 1849
The Revolutions in Austria had failed
Francis Joseph

24. REVOLUTIONS IN ITALIAN STATES
Leader of Italy risorgimento (resurgence) was Giuseppe Mazzini, a devoted nationalist
He founded Young Italy and Italian states rose up in 1848 against their Austrian landlords
Rebellions across Italy soon crushed by Austrians & French
Guiseppe Mazzini

25. FAILURES OF 1848
Throughout Europe in 1848, popular revolts made short-term gains
Conservative regimes quickly regained control
Why?
Lack of unity among revolutionaries
Liberals retrenched due to fear of social chaos
Minorities in Austria fought each other – lacked unity