1. Ch 18.3 New Nations in Africa
After WWII, African leaders threw off colonial rule and created independent countries.

2. Negritude Movement
A movement for African independence that started before World War II. French–speaking Africans and West Indians celebrated their heritage of traditional African culture and values.
Colonies with local governments had easier transitions
Borders that had little to do with where the ethnic groups lived caused conflict

3. Ghana [former British colony] 1957
Revolutionary Leader: Kwame Nkrumah
Nkrumah’s Tactics:
Organized boycotts and strikes
Reforms:
Expensive Health, education, & welfare programs
Dreamed of “United States of Africa”
Problems he faced:
Overthrown by a coup in 1966
Political & Economic Instability since then
British colony of the Gold Coast
First to achieve independence
Nkrumah was criticized for spending too much time on Pan-African interests

4. Kwami Nkrumah

5. President of Ghana President John Dramani MAHAMA

6. Kenya [Former British Colony] 1963
Tactics used by the Mau-Mau:
Frighten whites & forced them out of the northern highlands
Used guerilla tactics
Kenyatta’s Reforms:
Tried to unite ethnic & language groups
Develop businesses
Resulting Problems:
Civil Unrest under next leader, Daniel arap Moi
British colony
Mau-Mau was a secret society made up of mostly native Kenyan farmers forced out of the British highlands
Kenyetta was imprisoned by the British for nearly a decade

7. MZEE JOMO KENYATTA 1ST PRESIDENT OF THE REPUBLIC OF KENYA

8. President Uhuru KENYATTA

9. Zaire, 1960 (Democratic Republic of Congo)
Former colony of Belgium
Gained independence by: Granted suddenly by Belgium
Mobutu’s rule was: Brutal & Corrupt.
Resulting problems:
Depleted resources
Extreme Poverty
Social Unrest; He was overthrown by Laurent Kabila in Kabila was assassinated in His son, Joseph Kabila, took power.
Belgian Congo
Mobutu ruled for 32 years
2006 Joseph Kabila signed peace deals – violence again in the region

10. Mobutu Sese Seko

11. Laurent Kabila Joseph Kabila Current

12. Algeria [Former colony of France] 1962
Gained independence by:
FLN (Algerian Nat’l Liberation Front) fought against France for their independence.
Ben Bella’s Program
Attempted to form a socialist state but was overthrown by a coup in 1965
Problems:
Unsuccessful attempts to industrialize
High Unemployment
Rise of Fundamentalist Islamists
Continuing civil unrest

13. Ahmed Ben Bella

14. Current President of Algeria Abdelaziz Bouteflika
“Elected” in after all other candidates dropped out.

15. Angola [Former colony of Portugal] 1975
Gained independence by: Fought against Portugal
Causes of their civil war:
Communist rebel group MPLA declared itself the rightful ruler of independent Angola. They were supported by Cuba & USSR
UNITA rebel group fought against MPLA with support from the USA
Continuing problems:
Civil war continued until 2002.
Portuguese sent 50,000 troops to keep Angola
MPLA took over after the Portuguese withdrew, supported by 50,000 Cuban troops

16. José Eduardo dos Santos
President of Angola since l979.
His son is Vice President.