1. CH 1 COLONIES IN THE WILDERNESS

2. CANADA THE LAND

3. LAND OF YESTERDAY Why Europeans came to N. America.

4. UPPER AND LOWER CANADA
AMERICAN
REVOLUTION
LOYALISTS
HOMESTEADS

5. IMPORTANCE OF SOCIAL CLASS
UPPER CLASS/FAMILY COMPACT
Snobbish - Wanted life to be like Britain.
Made up the Executive Council (budgets & appointments)
Problem - people needed their neighbors.
Servants hard to come by.
Resentment of the wealthy.
Barter economy.

6. The Problem Of Land Good land already taken. Land Speculators
False advertisement.
Land Speculators
Blocked development.
Clergy & Crown Reserves
Also blocked development.
Advertised
Reality

7. THE IMMIGRANT EXPERIENCE
First Nations land issues.
Coffin Ships
Deadly Journeys.
Ships Made for cargo.
Steerage = poor immigrants.
Over a month per voyage.
Illness - In 1832 half immigrants arrived ill.
Multiculturalism in pioneer Canada - racism
Black Canadians - Loyalists brought slavery.
Banned by land for loyalty.
Underground Railway.

8. THE UNDERGROUND RAILROAD
HARRIET
TUBMAN
THOMAS
GARRETT

9. US SLAVERY

10. WOMEN IN UPPER CANADA
Expectations, lifestyle, prejudices, and beliefs depended on class.
Did not own property.
Worked at home.
Marriage = status.
Spinsters.
Love?????
Hard workers - Home and Garden.
Hazardous childbirth.

11. COLONIAL GOVERNMENT AND THE NEED FOR REFORM
KEY TERMS
Representative Government - representatives are elected by the people to make laws on their behalf.
Responsible Government - if representatives don’t deliver they can be voted out.
Democratic Government - For the people by the people. Both representative and responsible.
Oligarchy - power is put in the hands of a small group of rich people. ie Colonial Government of 1791.

12. 1791 CONSTITUTION ACT KEY ISSUES Divided Upper and Lower Can.
Councils are appointed
Assemblies are elected
Councils were wealthy
Councils could veto any laws proposed by the assemblies.

13. LIST OF GRIEVANCES
UPPER CANADA
LOWER CANADA
The assembly wanted $ spent on ordinary people. (ie.schools, roads,)
Council spent $ on wealthy issues (ie canals and ignored land use issues)
Land Speculators / Clergy Reserves.
Still upset with English domination.
Language and cultural issues.
Wanted democracy like the U.S.A.
Power structure still based on old seigneurial system.
Eng = Fr. =
English immigration hurt French culture.
French farming taxes increased

14. THE ROAD TO REBELLION LOWER CANADA UPPER CANADA
Joseph Papineau - leader
of the radical French
reformers.
James Craig - anti-French governor. Tried to unite
Upper and Lower Canada so
French would become a minority.
-quashed by French.
By 1832, Papineau’s reformers submitted “92 Resolutions”. Its was refused and Patriotes would rebel.
Robert Gourlay - made a
list of grievances and was arrested and sent out of country.
RADICAL
William Lyon Mackenzie took on fight against the Family Compact. Fierce competitor.
Leader of reform movement.
MODERATES
Ryerson & Baldwin wanted to fight also but encouraged
debate and negotiations.

15. IN THE U.S.A. THIS WOULD LEAD TO THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION
Democracy
Republic
Boston Tea Party
Quartering Act
“Shot heard around the world”
Patriotes vs. Loyalists
George Washington
Declaration of Independence
IN CANADA ……

16. PLANET OF THE APES
Approved by:

17. THE REBELLIONS OF 1837 REBELLIONS = FAILURE Papineau Mackenzie
Upper and Lower reformers joined forces.
- strength in numbers.
Attempts from within failed and revolts were planned.
LOWER CANADA
The Fils de la Liberte (Sons of Liberty) attacked first in Lower Can.
- the Catholic Church backed Britain and attack fizzled.
- Papineau escaped to the U.S.A.
UPPER CANADA
Mackenzie armed & trained men but lacked experience. He attacked when soldiers went to defend Lower Canada but again the rebellion failed.
Mackenzie escaped to the U.S.A, dressed as a woman.
Papineau
REBELLIONS = FAILURE
Mackenzie

18. PUNISHING THE REBELS Floggings Hangings 7 YEARS IN BERMUDA/TASMANIA
- Convict Ships (conditions)
- Slave Labour in plantations
- Starvation rations.

19. FYI LORD DURHAM’S REPORT TWO MAIN ISSUES: Join colonies together.
Responsible government.
FYI
Wanted to pardon rebels but was denied.
Disliked by French as his goal was for the
English to overrun the French culture.
In 1840, the Act of Union united Upper and
Lower Canada.

20. Hierarchy of Power 1840 Act of Union
1791 Constitution Act
In 1840 no Upper & Lower Canada
as seen here
UPPER & LOWER CANADA NOW = ONE ASSEMBLY
The French felt this was an attack on their culture.

22. 1840
1848