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MUSIC OF SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA “Senzenina”
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In This Unit, We Will… Explore the geography of areas with African music Explore the instruments used in African music Listen to music from different African cultures, populations, and religious groups Sing a traditional song from the Zulu people, “Senzenina” Create a polyrhythmic song as a class and in small groups
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“What Will I Be Doing?” You will be doing three different things… #1: Creating connections between content areas – Geography, History, Art, Technology, and Music #2: Listening to new music that you may never have heard before #3: Learning melodies, harmonies, and rhythms from different cultures
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GEOGRAPHY Sub-Sahara Africa is a geographical term that refers to the area of Africa that lies beneath the Sahara desert Sub-Sahara Africa includes... Kenya Rwanda Uganda SudanOver 49 countries! Ethiopia Zimbabwe Madagascar
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LANGUAGES SPOKEN Sub-Saharan Africa displays the most linguistic diversity of any region in the world. The region contains over 1,000 languages, which is 1/6 of the world's total!
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RELIGIONS Sub-Saharan Africa is largely Christian North African (not part of Sub- Sahara Africa) is Islamic and considered part of the Arab world
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CHARACTERISTICS OF SUB-SAHARAN AFRICAN MUSIC Polyrhythm: Rhythms that occur at the same time in two different meters Responsorial Forms: An exchange between a performer’s vocal or instrumental call and a group response Ostinato: A short pattern that repeats over and over again Use of Percussion: Reflects the emphasis of music making with drums, rattles, bells, xylophones, and the mbira (we’ll discuss this more later)
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POLYRHYTHM Rhythms that occur at the same time in two different meters Grand Master Djembe Player – Polyrhythm Grand Master Djembe Player – Polyrhythm The Jamani Drummers The Jamani Drummers Djemba Drummers in Cape Town Djemba Drummers in Cape Town
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RESPONSORIAL FORMS An exchange between a performer’s vocal or instrumental call and a group response Thula Sizwe Singers (6:00 minute clip) Thula Sizwe Singers ABC News Clip on Ensigo ABC News Clip on Ensigo
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OSTINATO A short pattern that repeats over and over again AUCB Acting Course – Senzenina AUCB Acting Course – Senzenina Blackburn Choir – Senzenina Blackburn Choir – Senzenina
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USE OF PERCUSSION Reflects the emphasis of music making with drums, rattles, bells, xylophones, and the mbira Ogene (solo instrument) Ogene (solo instrument) Ogene Igbo (group performance) Ogene Igbo (group performance)
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MBIRA An instrument made up of metal rows that are plucked by the player’s thumbs Metallic, ringing sound Song on the Mbira Song on the Mbira
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TRADITIONAL AFRICAN INSTRUMENTS There are three classifications; Membranophones Idiophones Aerophones
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Traditional African Instruments cont… Membranophones: A big, fancy word for… DRUMS! Drums are by far the most famous of the African instruments and come in many different forms Drummers use either their hands or sticks (sometimes one of each) to hit the drum head. They may also use something called an “elbow stick” Drummers from RwandaDrummers from Rwanda
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TRADITIONAL AFRICAN INSTRUMENTS CONT… Idiophones: Anything from large xylophones to tiny bells, shakers, wooden sticks, or rattles Xylophones made of wood, metal, gourds, pottery Sometimes a solo instruments, but usually an ensemble instrument African Marimba Group African Marimba Group
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TRADITIONAL AFRICAN INSTRUMENTS CONT… Aerophones: The human voice or any instrument that amplifies the human voice Opening-throat singing is used in Sub-Saharan Africa, which is a husky or nasally sound Opening-throat singing Other distinct kinds of African singing include whisper singing, which is a soft, breathy, almost growling tonewhisper singing Yodeling may also be used Yodeling (Pygmies of Central Africa)
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WELCOME CHLOE RENEA CROWE MAY 9 TH, 2012 @ 2:33 PM
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MUSIC AS A LIVELIHOOD Burundi Drummers Burundi Drummers Kenyan Boy Choir Kenyan Boy Choir “There is No Movement Without Rhythm”There is No Movement Without Rhythm Documentary on Rhythm and Daily Life in South Africa (10:51 minutes)
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APARTHEID IN AFRICA “Senzenina” came out of the Apartheid in Africa. The Apartheid was a national law that segregated white citizens and black citizens in Africa and denied blacks citizenship It was officially established in 1948 and ran until… 1994 The origin of the song is unclear, but it has been used in many different movies and documents highlighting the Apartheid and is now a popular choral piece in the United States and Great Brittan
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THE RAIN STICK, THE WOODEN FROGS, AND THE MARACAS Music and rhythm can be created just by hitting two sticks together, the idea for the simple percussive instrument RHYTHM STICKS Additional percussion instruments include shakers, like the maracas, or something more elaborate, like the African rain stick Carved wooden frogs with ridges cut into their backs produce a sound similar to the “ribbit” of a frog. A wooden dowel is drug across their spines to produce the sound
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