1. Clear & Cole, American Corrections, 6 th Chapter 17 Corrections for Juveniles

2. Clear & Cole, American Corrections, 6 th “parens patriae”  the “parent of the country;” the role of the state as guardian and protector of all people (particularly juveniles) who are unable to protect themselves definition

3. Clear & Cole, American Corrections, 6 th Evolution of juvenile justice in America, 1600s - 2000 Crime Control 1980 - 2000 victim emphasis punishment of serious offenders waive serious cases Juvenile Rights 1960 - 1980 In re Gault, 1967 JJ & Del. Prev. Act, 1974 deinstitutionalize status offenders legalization of juv. law Juvenile Court 1899 - 1960 Ill. Juv. Crt, 1899 separate legal system for juv’s child as “legally irresponsible” Refuge Period 1824 - 1899 NY House of Refuge, 1825 for delinquent & dependent children child as “helpless” Puritan Period 1646 - 1824 Mass. Stubborn Child Law, 1646 child as “evil”

4. Clear & Cole, American Corrections, 6 th hallmarks of juvenile court  informality not hindered by legalities of “due process” judges ran sessions as conversations exploring needs of child  individualization each child is unique and has unique circumstances, problems, and needs  intervention aim not to punish, but to help child become law-abiding identify and solve problems; provide treatment

5. Clear & Cole, American Corrections, 6 th “delinquent”“delinquent”  a child who has committed an act which, if committed by an adult, would be criminal definition

6. Clear & Cole, American Corrections, 6 th “neglected”“neglected”  a child who is not receiving proper care because of some action or inaction of his or her parents definition

7. Clear & Cole, American Corrections, 6 th “dependent”“dependent”  a child who has no parent or guardian or whose parents are unable to give proper care definition

8. Clear & Cole, American Corrections, 6 th “In Re: Gault”  watershed Supreme Court case granting “essential” due process rights to juveniles facing adjudication by juvenile court  notice  hearing  counsel  cross-examination definition

9. Clear & Cole, American Corrections, 6 th why treat juveniles differently  juveniles are young and may easily change more susceptible to treatment  juveniles have a high rate of ‘desistance’ most never get in trouble again  juveniles’ families important to their lives state acts in partnership w/ family to treat child  juveniles are easily influenced by peers juvenile crime is a group phenomenon removed from the group, child will behave  juveniles have little responsibility for others easier to get them to isolate & modify behavior

10. Clear & Cole, American Corrections, 6 th % arrests involving juveniles by crime

11. Clear & Cole, American Corrections, 6 th % arrests involving juveniles other crimes (cond)

12. Clear & Cole, American Corrections, 6 th high risk juvenile offenders factors of concern  persistent behavior problems in elementary school years  onset of delinquency, aggression, drug use between 6 & 11  antisocial parents  antisocial peers, poor school attendance, impulsivity, weak social ties between 12-14  membership in delinquent gangs  drug dealing

13. Clear & Cole, American Corrections, 6 th juvenile offender dispositions  waiver (to adult court)  diversion  correctional programs  detention  juvenile probation  working in the school  intermediate sanctions  juvenile community corrections  juvenile incarceration  juvenile aftercare