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Evolution of Birds from Reptiles
SZ2- Students will explain the evolutionary history of animals over the geological history of Earth. Evolved from reptiles-Few intermediate fossils due to lack of preservation of feathers or thin, hollow bones
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Thecodontosaurus
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Thecodontosaurus
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Iguanodon
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Ingenia
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Incisivosaurus
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Archeopteryx 150 mya
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Archaeopteryx Possible link between birds & reptiles (150 mya)
Reptilian char- Large skull, reptile like teeth Bones solid Claws on forelimbs Long tail Bird Char.- Strong legs & rounded wings for gliding Feathers Furculum - fused collarbone or wishbone
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Hesperonis Fossils 75 mya Large, flightless bird
Had teeth like reptiles
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Ichthyornis Smaller, tern like bird Lived 65-80 mya
Had large flight wings
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Kingdom Animalia Phylum Chordata Class Aves-birds Traits:
Air sacs/hollow bones make bird lighter feathers 4 chambered heart endothermic Beaks and feet adapted for food and habitat Evolved from dinosaurs in Mesozoic era Scales on legs- similar to reptiles
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General Bird Anatomy SZ4- Students will assess how animals interact with their environment including key adaptation found within animal taxa.
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Birds Have the Highest Metabolism
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Metabolic Adaptations
Birds have high metabolism Endothermic, 4 chambered heart Lungs, air sacs for increased oxygen avail. Crop and gizzard(grinds food) in digestive tract Metanephric kidney excretes uric acid- prevents water loss Counter-current circulation
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Respiration
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Counter-Current Circulation
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Excretion – Uric Acid Uric acid metabolic excretion (Saves water)
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Adaptations for Flight
Feathers- modified scales Pectoral appendages = wings Lightweight skeleton filled w/ air sacs High metabolic rate Endothermic- regulate temp. internally Fused furculum (wishbone) keeled sternum
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Types of Feathers
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Keeled Furculum and Sternum
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Wings
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Flight Forces
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Avian Reproduction Amniotic egg Internal fertilization
Oviparous- eggs laid outside of body Both parents care for eggs Precocial young- active at hatching Altricial young- helpless and naked at hatching migration
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Egg Shapes
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Starling Nests
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Weaver Bird Nest
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Brood Parasitism Cardinal or Cowbird eggs?
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Males are More Colorful
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Migration
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Pop Quiz List three adaptations that allow birds to have a high metabolism. List three adaptations that allow birds to fly. What type of egg does a bird have? What is the name of the class the bird belongs to?
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Avian Classification 28 orders 9600 species
SZ1- Students will derive the phylogeny of animal taxa using informative characteristics SZ3- Students will compare form and function relationships within animal groups and across key taxa.
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Super Orders of Birds Superorder Archaeornithes- “ancient birds”, extinct ex. Archaeopteryx Superorder Neornithes- “new” birds- modern Paleognathae- “old jaw” Neognathae- “new jaw”
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Paleognathae- Order Struthioniformes
Large flightless bird Two toes Old jaw Ex. ostriches
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Neognathae- Order Pelecaniformes
Pelicans, cormorants, boobies
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Neo- Order Ciconiiformes
Long legs for wading Long necks Pink or orange because of carotenoids in algae and brine shrimp that eat algae Liver enzymes break down the carotenoids into pink and orange pigments that are deposited into feathers, bill, and legs
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Order Anseriformes Flat bill Webbed feet Swans, geese, ducks
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Order Falconiformes Hooked bill Talons Eagle Hawk Falcon
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Order Passeriformes Perching foot Songbirds 5000 species Mocking bird
Thrushes Swallows Magpie Crow Starling Jays
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Order Columbiformes Short neck Short legs Pigeons Doves
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Order Strigiformes Large eyes Silent flight Nocturnal predator Owls
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Order Apodiformes Small bird Rapid wingbeat Hummingbirds
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Order Galliformes Chicken like Strong beaks Heavy feet Chicken Turkey
Pheasants Quail
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Order Charadriiformes
Short bill Strong fliers Shorebirds Gulls
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Order Psittaciformes Thick tongue Hinged and movable upper beak
Bright colors Parrots Parakeets
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Order Piciformes Two toes forward and two toes backward woodpeckers
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Order Sphenisciformes
Webbed feet Wings as used for swimming penquins
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The End Fig. 27.co
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