1. Modernization: Iran, Egypt and Turkey
Chapter 27 Section 3

2. Goal
Students will compare and contrast the development of three Middle Eastern nations
Iran, Egypt, Turkey

3. 1. Modernization
Changes in a nation that enable it to set up a stable government and produce a high level of goods and services
Goals

4. List several obstacles to Modernization in the Middle East
Pre-Class
List several obstacles to Modernization in the Middle East

5. Obstacles to Modernization
population explosion
poverty
illiteracy
limited education
fear of cultural change
Islamists/Extremists
civil unrest/conflict/Political corruption/unrest
Debt Crisis
Scarcity of water/land

6. 2. Land and Resources of Iran
2nd largest country in the Middle East
Much of Iran is a dry, rugged plateau
Most Iranians live in the
northeast where rainfall is
adequate
Resources
Oil: Iran’s oil reserves:
the 4th largest in the world = modernization

7. 3. People of Iran more than a dozen ethnic groups
3rd largest population
more than a dozen ethnic groups
Only a small percentage of people are Arabs
Most people speak Persian, a modern form of the language of ancient Persia
Most Iranians are Muslims
Iran is the only Middle Eastern nation where Shiites are in the majority

8. 4. Shah of Iran Mohammad Rezā Shāh Pahlavi Shah Iran from 1941-1979
Argo Opening
Shah Iran from
But real power came after WWII
Operation Ajax 1953 – US backed coup
Supported by US and Britain

9. 4. Shah of Iran Mohammad Rezā Shāh Pahlavi Goals:
Economic and social reforms = modernize
He wanted to make Iran “comparable to the most developed countries in the world”
Shah gradually lost support from the Shi’a clergy of Iran, particularly due to his strong policy of modernization

10. #4. What the Shah accomplished
Economic and social reforms = Modernization
Land reform - broke up large estates and distributed land to peasants
improved health care and education
government financed water projects, new roads & encouraged industrial growth
Social reforms gave women new rights (right to vote)
Supported by SAVAK

11. 5. Causes of the Islamic Revolution
Shah’s policies didn’t improve life for many Iranians
A growing gap separated the small group of westernized Iranians from the rest of the Iranian people

12. 5. Causes of the Islamic Revolution
Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini called on Iranians to defend their Islamic values
To many western ideas/values
Leader of the Islamic Revolution
In 1979 supporters of Khomeini overthrew the shah

13. New Year’s Eve 1977

14. Fundamentalism Belief that society should be based on the principles of one’s religion
Opposition to westernization.
Western influences corrupt the society

17. 6. Effects of the Islamic Revolution
Iran became a theocracy
a government ruled by religious leaders
Supreme Leader, Guardian Council, President
they replaced secular courts with religious courts & enforced Muslim traditions
Women were required to wear veils in public
Strict laws banned western movies and music
Revolutionaries held 52 American citizens hostage for over one year

18. 6. Effects of the Islamic Revolution
Economy slowed because of economic sanctions from west
actions taken by one nation or group of nations to harm the economy of another nation or group, often to force a political change

19. 7. Recent political trends in Iran?
After Khomeini died in 1989 new leaders have made changes
Renewed some ties to western nations that have been cut – no formal relations with US
Slowly moved to elections but issues
Elections limited to Islamic candidates
Tensions between reformers and traditionalists
Reformers want to quicken the pace of change
Traditionalists reject modernizing influences that undermine Islamic principles
Today: Many of the reforms have been lost with the rise of Former President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad - Possible changes with new President Hassan Rouhani

20. 7. Recent political trends in Iran?
Today: Many of the reforms have been lost with the rise of Former President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad - Possible changes with new President Hassan Rouhani
Ahmadinejad
President Hassan Rouhani

21. New York Times UpFront
Iran Video 14 mins

22. Quick Check
Iran's rapid economic development has been due largely to its
ethnic diversity
Islamic revolution
oil resources
population

23. Quick Check
A major cause of the Islamic revolution in Iran in 1979 was the concern by Islamic leaders that – 5 choices
traditional values were being undermined by western ideas
women were being denied political rights
Israel had lost its influence in the Middle East
religious leaders were becoming too powerful
the failure of the Shah’s reforms to improve life for many Iranians

24. Quick Check
Which of the following was an outcome of the Islamic Revolution in Iran?
Iran became a Muslim theocracy
closer ties with the west
nationalization of the oil industry
increased modernization

25. 8. Population in Egypt
Egypt has the largest population in the Middle East
Because most of Egypt is a desert, 95% of Egyptians live on only 5% of the land
Cities, towns and villages border a narrow strip of land along the Nile River
12% of the population live in Cairo

26. 8. Egypt’s Resources
Egypt’s greatest resource in the fertile Nile Valley
Developing agriculture is a goal of the government

27. 9. The Goal of Egypt’s economic policy
To end economic dependence on the West – socialism
Expand farm output
Increased wages for urban workers

28. 10. Economic Policy of Gamal Abdel Nasser (1956-1970)
Nasser promoted Arab socialism
Nationalized industry including Suez Canal
Nasser also built the Aswan High Dam
Dam allowed Egypt to irrigate
more farmland, control Nile flooding,
and produce low-cost hydroelectric
power for factories and homes
Limited success

29. Discovering History:
20th-Century Biographies: Leaders of the Middle East

31. 11. Sadat and Mubarak changed Nasser’s goals
Sadat ( ) moved away from Arab socialism and encouraged foreign and private industry in Egypt - Open Door

32. 11. Sadat and Mubarak changed Nasser’s goals
Mubarak: became president after Sadat’s assassination ( )
He tried to balance the needs of a large population & pay Egypt’s debt
cut in social programs
hurt thousands of Egyptians – Unrest Website
Rise in Islamists

33. Arab Spring Arab Spring
refers to the democratic uprisings that arose independently and spread across the Arab world in 2011.
The movement originated in Tunisia in December 2010 and quickly took hold in Egypt, Libya, Syria, Yemen, Bahrain, Saudi Arabia, and Jordan.

34. Arab Spring Mubarak Removed from power 2011 Arab Spring
Authoritarian rule – lack of free election
Poor economy = high unemployment & low wagers
Currently holding elections

35. 12. Obstacles to the Development of Egypt
Islamists groups turned to terrorism (Frontline Video)
In 1997, a group of terrorists killed 58 foreign tourists
Mubarak remained a key ally of the United States, which brought criticism from Islamic extremists
Debt
Political Unrest

36. Quick Check
A. Most of the Egyptian population is clustered in the Nile River Valley mainly because
the river is of great military importance
heavy industry is located along the river
the river is the major source of water for agriculture
it is the most scenic area in the country

37. Quick Check B. A major goal pursued by Nasser was to end land reform
promote an Islamic revolution
establish Arab Socialism and end economic dependence
reduce the influence of the Muslim clergy

38. Quick Check
C. Mubarak was removed during a series of democratic uprisings in the Middle East referred to as the
Islamic Revolution
Nationalism Century
Egyptian Fall
Arab Spring

39. 13. How Turkey built Western Ties
Turkey joined NATO-North Atlantic Treaty Organization
A western military alliance
Turkey also sought to join the European Union
Membership helps to
increase trade and other
ties with Europe
secularism

40. 14. Describe Turkey’s economy
Turkey has one of the most balanced economies in the Middle East
Mix of modern industry and trade along with traditional agriculture
Have also developed a number of industries
Automobile manufacturing, textiles, food processing
In the past, government controlled the economy-today it has privatized some industry and set up joint ventures with European countries

41. 15. Challenges Turkey faces
Population is growing faster than the economy’s ability to create new jobs
To remain a stable democracy
To resolve the goals of modernization with Islamic fundamentalism
Turkey Lifts Longtime Ban on Head Scarves in State Offices October 8, 2013
ISTANBUL — The government lifted a ban on head scarves for female workers in state offices, ending a longstanding restriction that has polarized Turkish society.
Show Frontline Muslim Chapter minutes

42. Quick Check A. Unlike Iran, Turkey has
made progress toward modernization
benefited from abundant oil resources
made Arab unity a major goal
become a secular nation

43. 16a. Common Threads Ending foreign control of industry
Feeding, educating and employing their growing population
giving extensive governmental power
economic and social reforms
improving agriculture and industry
redistribute land
technology
effect = westernization
To resolve the goals of modernization with Islamic fundamentalism

44. 16b. Important Differences
Iran & Egypt nationalized industry and redistributed land
Turkey tries to align itself with the West
Egypt and Turkey lack oil