2. Connectors an interactive lesson on connecting expressions Developed by Sara Kol and Elana Spector-Cohen

3. Read this sentence : The researcher gathered the data and … What do we expect after the word and? Think about your answer and then click. After and we expect to read about something else that the researcher did, for example: The researcher gathered the data and analyzed it.

4. Look at the sentences below. What kind of information could complete each sentence? Think about each answer and then click. The researcher gathered the data but … The researcher gathered the data before … The researcher gathered the data in order to… didn’t analyze it. he went on vacation. check her hypothesis. Notice how the connector changes the kind of information that can complete the sentence.

5. The words and, but, before and in order to are connectors. Connecting expressions connect parts of complex sentences. Our environment is in great danger unless we begin to conserve our natural resources. They may also show the connection between sentences and paragraphs. Our environment is in great danger. Therefore we must begin to conserve our natural resources. Connectors show the logical relationship between ideas. Unless shows condition. Therefore shows result.

6. Connectors can be organized by categories. Click to see some of the categories.

7. Connectors of addition tell us that extra information will follow. Can you think of some connectors of addition? Chimpanzees can learn language. Moreover, they can use tools. Chimpanzees can learn language as well as use tools. Not only can chimpanzees learn language, but they can use tools as well. as well / as well as moreover furthermore in addition not only … but neither … nor

8. Connectors of contrast tell us that very different (opposite) ideas will follow. Can you think of some connectors of contrast? Whereas military service is compulsory in Israel, it is voluntary in the USA. In Israel, military service is compulsory rather than voluntary. In contrast to Israel, where military service is compulsory, it is voluntary in the USA. whereas /while rather than / instead of although in spite of / despite nevertheless / nonetheless on the one hand … on the other but / yet in contrast / conversely

9. Connectors of cause tell us that a reason will follow. Can you think of some connectors of cause? Due to the outbreak of foot-and-mouth disease, Israel has stopped importing meat from Europe. Israel has stopped importing meat from Europe, since there is an outbreak of foot-and-mouth disease there. because due to for since as on account of

10. Connectors of effect tell us that a result or conclusion will follow. Can you think of some connectors of effect? He tested positive for drugs; thus he could not participate in the games. He tested positive for drugs; as a result, he could not participate in the games. He tested positive for drugs, thereby disqualifying him from the games. as a result therefore consequently thereby thus then hence so

11. Connectors of restatement tell us that exactly the same information will follow, but in other words. Can you think of some connectors of restatement? Monotheism, or the belief in one god, began thousands of years ago. Monotheism, i.e. the belief in one god, began thousands of years ago. Monotheism, namely the belief in one god, began thousands of years ago. in other words i.e. that is namely or

12. Connectors of parallel information tell us that similar information will follow. Can you think of some connectors of parallel? The composer Chopin died at a very young age. Similarly, Mozart died in his early thirties. Just as Mozart died in his early thirties, so Chopin died at a very young age. The composer Chopin died at a very young age. Likewise, Mozart died in his early thirties. similarly likewise in the same way as … as just as … so …

13. Connectors of example tell us that an example of more general information will follow. Can you think of some connectors of example? Researchers have found that many animal sounds are similar. For instance, animals make loud sounds when they are angry. Animal sounds are remarkably similar; e.g., loud sounds when they are angry. for example for instance e.g.

14. Connectors of purpose tell us that the purpose for doing something will follow. Can you think of some connectors of purpose? In order to check the effects of the drug, the researcher conducted an experiment. The researcher conducted an experiment to check the effects of the drug. The researcher conducted an experiment so as to check the effects of the drug. so that so as to in order to to

15. Remember: Connectors help you predict what information will follow. Connectors help you read more effectively. however for instance therefore moreover in order to likewise namely thus due to despite i.e. furthermore although nevertheless e.g. so as to hence because so or but