1. Wireless Sensor Networks COE 499 Introduction to Sensor Networks
Tarek Sheltami
KFUPM
CCSE
COE
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2. Outline Introduction Application Areas Systems Involved Communications
Challenges in SNETs
Unique constraints
Power Issues
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3. Involved Technologies
Network
Technology
Sensor
Network
Computational
Power
Sensor
Technology
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4. Application Areas Military Infrastructure security
Environment & Habitat Monitoring
Healthcare
Industrial Sensing
Traffic Control
Seismic Studies
Life Sciences
Life Sciences – ‘Prey’ by Michael Crighton – swarm of nanotech robots operate and view human internal organs
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5. The Systems involved Sensor Node Internals Operating System
Physical Size
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6. Sensor Node Internals NODE CPU POWER SUPPLY SENSOR COMMUNICATION
INFRARED
ACOUSTIC
SEISMIC
MAGNETIC…
IMAGE
POWER
SUPPLY
ELECTRO-MAGNETIC
INTERFACE
SENSOR
COMMUNICATION
NODE
Some Current Node Platforms:
Sensoria WINS
Smart Dust – Dust Inc. Berkeley
UC Berkeley mote – Crossbow (
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7. Operating System - TinyOS
Custom built at UC, Berkeley for wireless sensor nodes
Component-based architecture: ensures minimum code size
Component library includes:
Network protocols
Sensor drivers
Data acquisition tools
Distributed services
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8. Physical Size WINS NG 2.0 Berkley Motes AWAIRS I LWIM III AWACS
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9. A Few Smart Sensor Implementations
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A Few Smart Sensor Implementations
Finger Tip Sensors
Smart Its Project
Tiny Heart
Capsule Endoscope
JPL Sensor
A Bee Tracker

10. Smart Sensor Example in Health Care
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Smart Sensor Example in Health Care
Can be taken just like a capsule
It moves through the intestinal track due to contraction and relaxation
Excreted naturally and is disposed off
Safe to the body
Future: Remote control Pills and Micro-surgery
Duodenal Bleeding

11. Sensor Network in Health Care..
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Sensor Network in Health Care..
In-Home Health Care Solution from Intel
In-home technology prototypes illustrate how tiny silicon-based sensing devices discreetly embedded in objects such as shoes, furniture and home appliances
It can make it possible for elders, Alzheimer's disease patients and others with disabling conditions to continue to live at home
Intel and university researchers determined that wireless sensor networks, combined with powerful computing and complex algorithms, can effectively send prompts through various household devices to assist the elderly and inform, as well as ease the workload of caregivers.
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12. Biomimetics Living organisms use sensory abilities for all activities
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Biomimetics
Living organisms use sensory abilities for all activities
This is in spite of lot of noise in the environment
The science of such sensory fusion is available in Biology
Biomimetics – Mimic the available knowledge in Biology to design robust sensor fusion algorithms
A few preliminary applications are shown below
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Electronic Tongue
Electronic Nose

13. In-Home Health Care Solution from Intel
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In-Home Health Care Solution from Intel
Intel Research Seattle uses postage-sized wireless radio frequency identification (RFID) tags affixed to household objects
To monitor and record the daily activities of an elder
The tags wirelessly communicate the data back to a central system that could help manage everyday activities so that the elders' independence is maintained while relieving some of the burden of around-the-clock care by caregivers
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14. California Institute of Technology - MicroBat
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California Institute of Technology - MicroBat
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15. Cabinet with radio sender, micro processor and digital and analog I/O.
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Solar panel.
Cabinet with radio sender, micro processor
and digital and analog I/O.
Water level sensor.
Water wheel at farm gate.
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16. Central Goulburn no. 2 channel.
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17. Largest irrigation channel in the southern hemisphere.
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Mulwala canal.
Largest irrigation channel in
the southern hemisphere.
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18. Communication Network Protocol Network Discovery
Network Control & Routing
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19. Network Protocol For wireless sensor networks: IEEE 802.11 standards
Personal Area Networks (PAN): IEEE standard
Radius of 5 to 10m
Ideal application in short-range sensors
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20. Network Discovery Knowledge of identity and location of its neighbor
Ad hoc protocols can be used
GPS system can be used as well
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21. Network Control & Routing
Network adapts dynamically to
conserve resources like energy and available nodes
Make optimum use of bandwidth and processing power
Connectivity must emerge as needed from algorithms
Directed Diffusion routing
Data identity is separate from node identity
Promotes adaptive, in-network processing
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22. Sensors
Passive elements: seismic, acoustic, infrared, strain, humidity, temperature, etc.
Passive Arrays: imagers (visible, IR), biochemical
Active sensors: radar, sonar
High energy, in contrast to passive elements
Technology trend: use of IC technology for increased robustness, lower cost, smaller size
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23. Event Driven Model
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24. On-Demand Model
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25. TinyOS is an open-source operating system designed for wireless embedded sensor networks. It features a component-based architecture which enables rapid innovation and implementation while minimizing code size as required by the severe memory constraints inherent in sensor networks. TinyOS's component library includes network protocols, distributed services, sensor drivers, and data acquisition tools – all of which can be used as-is or be further refined for a custom application. TinyOS's event-driven execution model enables fine-grained power management yet allows the scheduling flexibility made necessary by the unpredictable nature of wireless communication and physical world interfaces. TinyOS has been ported to over a dozen platforms and numerous sensor boards. A wide community uses it in simulation to develop and test various algorithms and protocols. New releases see over 10,000 downloads. Over 500 research groups and companies are using TinyOS on the Berkeley/Crossbow Motes. Numerous groups are actively contributing code to the sourceforge site and working together to establish standard, interoperable network services built from a base of direct experience and honed through competitive analysis in an open environment.
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