1. 1 From Ypres to Damascus: Lessons of Chemical Weapons Abolition Paul F. Walker, Ph.D. Director, Environmental Security & Sustainability Green Cross International Washington DC, USA Facing the Dangers of 21 st Century Great Power War New York City May 3, 2014

2. World War I 2

3. Ypres, Belgium, April/May 1915 90,000 killed, 1 million injured by chemical weapons in WWI 190,000 tons of chemical agents produced by Germany, France, Britain, and US April 22, 1915 – 5,700 canisters of chlorine used by Germany 3

4. 1925 Geneva Protocol For the Prohibition of Use of Asphyxiating, Poisonous, or Other Gases, and Bacteriological Methods of Warfare Banned use of chemical and biological weapons, but not RDT&E US President Roosevelt (1943) – “use of such [gas] weapons has been outlawed by the general opinion of civilized mankind.” 4

5. Chemical Weapons Threats Iran-Iraq War 1980s Iraq attack in Halabja 1988 1991 Gulf War 1995 Tokyo attack by Aum Shinrikyo Ongoing terrorist threats to obtain WMD Syria 2012-2013 5

6. Chemical Weapons Convention Over 12 years in negotiations Opened for signature in 1993 Entered into force in 1997 US and Russia both ratified in 1997 190 States Parties today 6 countries still outside of CWC 8 countries declared CW stockpiles 6

7. 7 8 Declared CW Stockpiles Russia40,000 metric tons USA28,600 metric tons India 1,000+ metric tons (est) South Korea 1,000+ metric tons (est) Libya 26+ metric tons Albania 16 metric tons Iraq na Syria 1,300+ metric tons (est) TOTAL72,500 +/- metric tons

8. 8 CW Destruction in US 1990 – present 25,650 MT destroyed (90%) 7 stockpiles closed $30 billion+ spent to date 9-10 more years to go 2 facilities under construction

9. 9 CW Destruction in Russia 2002 – present 30,400 MT destroyed (76%) 2 stockpiles neutralized $8+ billion spent to date 3-6+ years to go

10. 10 Other CWD Progress Albania – 16 MT destroyed (100%) 2007 South Korea – 1,000+ MT destroyed (100%) 2008 India – 1,000+ MT destroyed (100%) 2009 Libya – 26 +/- MT destroyed (100%) 2013 Iraq – Declared 2009 Syria – Declared 2013

11. Alleged CW Use in Syria July 23, 2012 – Syria confirms CW December 23 – Homs attack, 7 killed March 19, 2013 – Aleppo & Damascus March 24 – Adra April 13 – Aleppo April 29 – Saraqeb 11

12. Syria’s CWC Accession August 21, 2013 – Large scale CW attack in Ghouta region. 1,400+ killed, including 400 children. September 14 – Syria accedes to CWC October 14 – CWC enters into force for Syria as 190 th State Party 12

13. Syrian Chemical Weapons 1,335 MTs declared of precursor chemicals 23 MTs of mustard agent 92.5% removed to date from Syria Remainder removed in May? Complete destruction in 2014 13

14. CW Destruction Process 560 MTs hydrolyzed on MV Cape Ray 154 MTs burned in UK 122 MTs treated in Syria 500 MTs treated in US & Finland 6,000 MTs toxic effluent treated in US, Finland, & Germany (Munster) 14

15. 15 Conclusions Chemical agents are no longer viable military weapons, and have become “taboo,” morally reprehensible, and a dangerous burden. All possessor states must complete safe elimination of CW stockpiles in the near term – Russia, US, Iraq, and Syria. All non-member states must join the CWC – Angola, Egypt, Israel, Myanmar, North Korea, and South Sudan.

16. Conclusions (2) Protection of the environment, public health, and worker safety in weapons demilitarization processes is an absolute necessity, trumping deadlines and budget limits. Transparency, stakeholder involvement, public dialogue, and consensus-building are essential to program success. Abolition of a whole class of weapons of mass destruction is an historic achievement. 16

17. Conclusions (3) Arms control, disarmament, nonproliferation, and abolition regimes are most successful if they are nondiscriminatory – all States Parties have the same benefits and obligations An intrusive inspection and verification regime is absolutely necessary, with challenge inspections available on short notice Adequate staffing, funding, and skilled leadership for the multilateral regime are essential 17

18. Congratulations OPCW! 18

19. 19 Green Cross International (Washington DC office) 1100 15 th Street, NW Suite 1100 Washington, DC 20005, USA +1-202-222-0700 tel www.gcint.org www.globalgreen.org pwalker@globalgreen.org