1. MATERIAL BALANCE EQUATION

2. THE MATERIAL BALANCE EQUATION
The material balance equation (MBE) is one of the basic tools of reservoir engineers for interpreting and predicting reservoir performance. The MBE can be used to:
• Estimate initial hydrocarbon volumes in place
• Predict future reservoir performance
• Predict ultimate hydrocarbon recovery under various types of primary driving mechanisms

3. THE MATERIAL BALANCE EQUATION
The equation can be written on volumetric basis as:
Initial volume = volume remaining + volume removed
Before deriving the material balance, it is convenient to denote certain terms by symbols for brevity. The symbols used conform where possible to the standard nomenclature adopted by the Society of Petroleum Engineers.

4. THE MATERIAL BALANCE EQUATION
Terms
Symbols
Initial reservoir pressure, psi Pi
Change in reservoir pressure = pi − p, psi Δp
Bubble point pressure, psi pb
Initial (original) oil in place, STB N
Cumulative oil produced, STB Np
Cumulative water produced, bbl Wp
Cumulative gas produced, scf Gp
Cumulative gas-oil ratio, scf/STB Rp
Instantaneous gas-oil ratio, scf/STB
GOR
Initial gas solubility, scf/STB
Rsi
Gas solubility, scf/STB Rs

5. THE MATERIAL BALANCE EQUATION
Terms
Symbols
Initial oil formation volume factor, bbl/STB
Boi
Oil formation volume factor, bbl/STB Bo
Initial gas formation volume factor, bbl/scf
Bgi
Gas formation volume factor, bbl/scf Bg
Cumulative water injected, STB
Winj
Cumulative gas injected, scf
Ginj
Cumulative water influx, bbl We
Ratio of initial gas-cap-gas reservoir volume to initial reservoir oil volume , bbl/bbl m
Initial gas-cap gas, scf G
Pore volume, bbl
P.V

6. THE MATERIAL BALANCE EQUATION
Terms
Symbols
Water compressibility, psi−1 cw
Formation (rock) compressibility, psi−1 cf
Gas formation volume factor of the gas cap gas ,bbl/scf
Bg c
Gas formation volume factor of the solution gas ,bbl/scf
Bg s
cumulative gas production from gas cap
Gpc
cumulative gas production from solution gas.
Gps

7. Derivation of the oil MBE
Let us define the following quantities:
N= the initial oil in place(STB) = VBO (*1-Swi) /Boi
Gas cap expansion = New gas cap volume -
original gas cap volume New gas cap volume = (G-Gpc) B gc
Original gas cap volume = G x Bgci
(1)Gas cap expansion = (G-Gpc) B gc - G x Bgci

8. THE MATERIAL BALANCE EQUATION
(2) Remaining release gas = original soluble gas – remaining soluble gas – cumulative produced gas = [N Rsi -(N-Np)Rs -Gps] Bgs (3) Remaining oil volume = (N-Np) Bo (4) Net water influx = (We -Wp Bw) (5) Rock and water expansion is neglected in the presence of gas.

9. THE MATERIAL BALANCE EQUATION
Condition I Condition II
Pressure = Pi P<Pi NP = Zero NP = +ive
GP = Zero GP = +ive
WP = Zero WP = +ive p
Condition I Condition II
Pressure = Pi P<Pi NP = Zero NP = +ive
GP = Zero GP = +ive
WP = Zero WP = +ive

10. THE MATERIAL BALANCE EQUATION
Now, by equating the initial conditions , to the final conditions resulting from a finite pressure drop: N Boi = (N-NP) Bo + [(G-GPC) Bgc -G Bgci] +[NRsi – -(N-NP)Rs–GPS ]Bgs+(We -WPBw) N Boi = NBo – NPBo + G Bgc- GPC Bgc - G Bgci + N RSi Bgs - N RS Bgs+ NP Rs Bgs - GPS Bgs + + (We-WP Bw)

11. THE MATERIAL BALANCE EQUATION
NBoi-NBo-NRsi Bgs +NRsBgs=-NPBo+NPRsBgs - GPSBgs+ +GBgc-GPcBgc-GBgci+(We-WPBw) N[Boi-Bo-RsiBgs+RsBgs] =Np[-Bo+RsBgs]-Gps Bgs+GBgc- Gpc Bgc-GBgci+(We-WpBw) But : Bgc = Bgs = Bg and Bgci = Bgsi Bgi N[Boi-Bo+(-Rsi+Rs)Bg] = Np[-Bo+RsBg]-Gps Bg+GBg –GpcBg-GBgi+(We-WpBw)

12. THE MATERIAL BALANCE EQUATION
Np[Bo-RsBg]+(Gps+Gpc)Bg =N[Bo-Boi+(Rsi-Rs)Bg]+
+G(Bg-Bgi)+(We-WpBw)
But : (Gpc+Gps)Bg = GpBg and Rp = Gp/Np and Bt = Bo+(Rsi-Rs)Bg
Therefore ,
Np [ Bo - RsBg]+Gp Bg =N[(Bo-Boi)+(Rsi-Rs)Bg] G(Bg-Bgi)+(We-WpBw)

13. THE MATERIAL BALANCE EQUATION
By adding and subtracting RsiBg –RsiBg: Np [Bo -(Rsi-Rs)Bg]- RsiBg]+Gp Bg =N[(Bo Boi)+ + (Rsi-Rs)Bg]+ G(Bg-Bgi)+(We-WpBw) Np[Bt-RsiBg]+Np Rp Bg =N[(Bo-Boi)+(Rsi-Rs)Bg] + G(Bg-Bgi)+(We-WpBw) Np[Bt – Rsi Bg + Rp Bg]= N[(Bo - Boi)+(Rsi-Rs) Bg] + G(Bg-Bgi) +(We-WpBw)

14. THE MATERIAL BALANCE EQUATION
And finally : Np [Bt + (Rp - Rsi) Bg] = N (Bt – Bti ) + mNBoi(Bg - Bgi) + (We-WpBw) …..(1) Bgi

15. THE MATERIAL BALANCE EQUATION
Np [Bt +(Rp - Rsi) Bg]=N (Bt – Bti )+mNBoi(Bg - Bgi) + (We-WpBw)
Bgi
Cumulative oil Depletion Drive Gas cap drive Water drive withdrawal mechanism mechanism mechanism
And this is the generalized material balance equation for combination drive reservoir neglecting the rock and connate water expansion.

16. THE MATERIAL BALANCE EQUATION
N ( B t – B t I ) = D.D.I Np[Bt+(Rp-Rsi)Bg] (m N Boi/ Bgi) (Bg - Bgi) = GCDI Np [Bt + (Rp - Rsi) Bg] ( We- Wp Bw) = WDI

17. THE MATERIAL BALANCE EQUATION
Driving indices : The driving index of any mechanism represents the fractional contribution of the total oil withdrawal produced by that mechanism.

18. THE MATERIAL BALANCE EQUATION Driving indices
Driving indexes in a combination-drive reservoir

19. Driving indices

20. THE MATERIAL BALANCE EQUATION
Several of the material balance calculations require the total pore volume (P.V) as expressed in terms of the initial oil volume N and the volume of the gas cap.
The expression for the total pore volume can be
derived by conveniently introducing the parameter m into the relationship as follows:

21. THE MATERIAL BALANCE EQUATION
Change in Pore Volume Due to Initial Water :and Rock Expansion

22. THE MATERIAL BALANCE EQUATION
where ΔV represents the net changes or expansion of the material as a result of changes in the pressure. Therefore, the reduction in the pore volume due to the expansion of the connate water in the oil zone and the gas cap is given by:

23. THE MATERIAL BALANCE EQUATION
Connate water expansion = [(pore volume) Swi] x cw Δp Substituting for the pore volume (P.V) with Equation 11-1 gives:

24. THE MATERIAL BALANCE EQUATION
The total volume of the hydrocarbon system is then given by: Initial oil volume + initial gas cap volume = (P.V)(1− Swi) N Boi + m N Boi = (P.V) (1 − Swi) or

25. THE MATERIAL BALANCE EQUATION
Similarly, the reduction in the pore volume due to the expansion of the reservoir rock is given by:

26. THE MATERIAL BALANCE EQUATION
The total pore volume occupied by the two injected fluids is given by:
Total volume = Ginj Bginj +Winj Bw

27. THE MATERIAL BALANCE EQUATION
The most general form of Material Balance Equation is Np [Bt + (Rp - Rsi) Bg] = N (Bt – Bti ) + mNBoi(Bg - Bgi) + (We-WpBw) + Bgi + (Cf +CwSw) (NBoi ) (Pi-P) ……(2) (1-Swi )

28. THE MATERIAL BALANCE EQUATION
Case (1): Water drive reservoir: A-Below the bubble point pressure: The driving mechanisms involved are : 1.Water drive mechanism 2.Depletion drive mechanism The material balance equation is : Np [Bt + (Rp - Rsi) Bg]=N(Bt – Bti ) +(We-WpBw) ………………..(3)

29. THE MATERIAL BALANCE EQUATION
B) Above the bubble point pressure: The driving mechanisms involved are : 1.Water drive mechanism 2.Depletion drive mechanism and 3.Rock and water expansion mechanism. The material balance equation is : Np Bo = N (Bo – Boi ) + ( We –Wp Bw ) + (Cf +CwSw) (NBoi ) (Pi-P ) (4) (1-Swi)

30. THE MATERIAL BALANCE EQUATION
(Since Rp = Rsi = Rs = Constant) . Effective oil compressibility : Co = -  Vo 1 = Bo-Boi 1 Vo P Boi (Pi-P) Bo - Boi = Co Boi (Pi-P) Substitute this value in equation (4): Np Bo = N Co Boi (Pi-P) + ( We –Wp Bw ) + (Cf +CwSw) (NBoi ) (Pi-P ) ……………………….(5) (1-Swi)

31. THE MATERIAL BALANCE EQUATION
Np Bo + Wp Bw = N Boi (Pi-P) Cf +CwSw + Co + We ( 1-Swi ) ……………………….………………………..………………………..(6) Np Bo + Wp Bw = N Boi (Pi-P) Cf +CwSw +Co So (1-Swi ) + We …....……………………………………………………...(7) Np Bo + Wp Bw = N Boi Ce (Pi-P) + We ……….(8)

32. THE MATERIAL BALANCE EQUATION
Where : Ce = Cf + Cw Sw +So So 1-Swi Ce = effective oil compressibility.

33. THE MATERIAL BALANCE EQUATION
Case (2): Gas cap drive reservoir: The driving mechanisms involved are : 1.Gas cap drive mechanism and 2.Depletion (solution gas) drive mechanism Np [Bt + (Rp - Rsi) Bg] = N (Bt – Bti ) + + mNBoi (Bg - Bgi) Bgi

34. THE MATERIAL BALANCE EQUATION
Case (3): Depletion drive reservoir: A) Below the bubble point pressure: The driving mechanism involved is : Depletion (solution gas) drive mechanism only. The material balance equation is: Np [Bt + (Rp - Rsi) Bg] = N (Bt – Bti )

35. THE MATERIAL BALANCE EQUATION
B-Above the bubble point pressure The driving mechanism involved is : Rock and fluid expansion only. The material balance equation is: Np Bo = N(Bo-Boi) + Cf +CwSw +Co So (1-Swi ) +N Boi ( Pi - P ) + We

36. THE MATERIAL BALANCE EQUATION
Bo-Boi = Co Boi (Pi –P ) , finally: Np Bo = N Boi Ce P If there is water production :, the equation form becomes : Np Bo + Wp Bw = N Boi Ce P This is the material balance equation for depletion drive reservoir (DDR) producing above the bubble point pressure (under- saturated reservoir).

37. THE MATERIAL BALANCE EQUATION
When the rock and water expansion mechanism cancelled. Therefore , the equation will be as follows: Np Bo = N (Bo - Boi ) Np Bo = N Bo - N Boi and therefore : (N – Np ) Bo = N Boi

38. THE MATERIAL BALANCE EQUATION
this is the simplest form of the material balance equation which represents a depletion drive reservoir (DDR) producing above the bubble point pressure (under- saturated reservoir) neglecting the rock and water expansion mechanism. The last equation can be driven simply by considering the initial and remaining oil in-place only ( of course , in addition to the connate water).

39. THE MATERIAL BALANCE EQUATION