1. Development of high yielding early bulking cassava varieties for drought prone agro ecology of Nigeria Grand Challenge # 9: Create a Nutrient Rich Staple Plant Olalekan Akinbo, Emmanuel Okogbenin, Chiedozie Egesi, Clement Adebija, Favour Ewa, Eunice Ekaette, Lydia Ezenwaka, Kenneth Eluwa, Ugochukwu Ikeogu, Martin Fregene Fundamental for Life: soil, Crop, & Environmental Science ASA. CSSA. SSSA. International Annual meetings October 16 – 19, 2011, San Antonio, TX

2. Background Cassava is the most important staple food in Africa after maize Expanding production in drought-prone areas ideal for food security programmes Close to 100 million Nigerians eat cassava – based food at least once a day Still a subsistence crop except for a few countries Features as a suitable commodity to drive Africa’s economic development

3. Background cont  Drought is one of the major abiotic stresses limiting crop productivity worldwide  As water resources become limiting, the development of drought tolerant crops is important  Cassava performs well in drought prone areas (Okogbenin et al., 2003)

4. Cassava Map of Nigeria Experimental site Target agro-ecology

5. Mirgibril Climate factor20092010 Rainfall (mm)1.892.73 Evaporation (mm)6.366.29 WindSpeed (km/hr)3.264.50 Min Temp (°C)21.4821.32 Max Temp (°C)35.4434.86 Min Rel Hum (%)38.1538.76 Max Rel Hum (%)53.7752.78 Sunshinehr (hr)8.668.47 Meteorological data at Mirjibril in 2009 and 2010 Source: IITA weather station, Kano

6. We report drought tolerant and resistant varieties of cassava identified for the maximization of productivity potential in drought-prone areas of Nigeria

7. Evaluation of varieties from Nigeria and Latin American in drought prone agro-ecology of Nigeria 59 varieties (with 2 checks) were evaluated at Mirjibril, Kano drought prone agro-ecological zones in Nigeria Randomized complete block design

8. Evaluation of varieties from Nigeria and Latin American in drought prone agro-ecology of Nigeria 3 replications Reaction to major pests and diseases as well as yield and physiological parameters collected over two years

9. This is the period when physiology data on drought screening were taken at the peak of dry season

10. This is the period when yield data on drought screening were taken at the onset of rain season

11. Results Low yielding varietyHigh yielding variety Local check

12. CMD Susceptible local check CMD resistant over local check Improved yield over local check Low yield local check

13. Growth of cassava leaves during the growing cycle of 2011

14. MinimumMaximum standard Deviation FRY (ton ha -1 )9.0046.008.51 DMC (%)22.5174.7115.52 HI (0-1)0.110.760.12 DRY (ton ha -1 )1.378.811.96 Simple statistics of characters of agronomic and diseases from screening of drought materials Kano, 2010

15. MinimumMaximum Standard Deviation Dankata (Local Check) FRY (ton ha -1 )9.6948.807.209.88 DRY(ton ha -1 )3.2226.073.843.22 HI (0-1)0.240.590.080.38 DMC (%)19.6837.343.8130.62 CMD (1-5)0.751.750.233.25 CBB (1-5)1.003.000.531.00 CGM (1-5)0.501.160.190.50 Simple statistics of characters of agronomic and diseases from screening of drought materials Kano, 2011

16. Tolerant Susceptible Potential Frequency distribution of fresh root yield of the 2010 harvest of screened genotypes from Nigeria and Latin America

17. Tolerant Susceptible Potential Frequency distribution of dry root yield of the 2010 harvest of screened genotypes from Nigeria and Latin America

18. Tolerant Susceptible Potentials Frequency distribution of fresh root yield of the 2011 harvest of screened genotypes from Nigeria and Latin America

19. Tolerant Susceptible Potentials Frequency distribution of dry root yield of the 2011 harvest of screened genotypes from Nigeria and Latin America

20. General linear model for yield of cassava grown at Mirgibril in 2011 in Nigeria SourceDFSum of Squares Mean Square F ValuePr>F Fresh root yield (ton ha-1)584013.5369.191.870.005 Dry root yield (ton ha-1)58299.015.151.510.04 Dry matter content (%)581747.7930.130.900.65 Harvest Index (0-1)580.960.012.450.0001

21. General linear model for fresh root yield of cassava grown at Mirgibril over two years in Nigeria SourceDFSum of Squares Mean Square F ValuePr>F Genotype749055.01122.360.610.97 Replication2497.89248.941.250.29 Year10.50 0.000.96 Gen X rep816253.9177.200.390.99 Yr X Rep242.1021.050.110.90 Yr x Gen252166.4886.650.430.98 Yr X Gen X Rep8441.2255.150.280.97

22. General linear model for dry root yield of cassava grown at Mirgibril over two years in Nigeria SourceDFSum of Squares Mean Square F ValuePr>F Genotype74401.655.420.890.67 Replication244.3722.183.640.03 Year15.22 0.860.35 Gen X rep81331.414.090.670.94 Yr X Rep20.220.110.020.98 Yr x Gen2575.953.030.500.96 Yr X Gen X Rep818.872.350.390.92

23. Selection Index Based on Fresh root yield, Dry root yield, Dry matter content, Vigor, Architecture, Harvest Index, Cassava mosaic disease, Cassava bacterial blight, cassava anthracnose disease SI = +( FRY*10 )+(DRY*10)+(DMC*8)+(HI*8)-(Arch*7)- (vig*7)-(CMD*8)-(CBB*7)-(CAD*4)

24. Selection for 2009 - 2011 of screened germplasm Potentials Local check

25. Final expectation of yield

26. Acknowledgements  Federal Ministry of Agriculture and Natural Resources on green revolution programme  Federal Ministry of commerce and Industries  National Root crops Research Institute, Umudike  IAR, Kano  Generation Challenge Programme (GCP)  Alliance for Green Revolution in Africa (AGRA)

27. Thank you for listening