1. Bellwork
Name as many muscles as you can

2. III. Types of movement Flexion Extension Rotation Abduction Adduction
Circumduction

3. Flexion
A bending movement around a joint in a limb (as the knee or elbow) that decreases the angle between the bones of the limb at the joint

4. Extension
An unbending movement around a joint in a limb (as the knee or elbow) that increases the angle between the bones of the limb at the joint

5. Rotation
turning around as on an axis

6. Abduction
To draw away from the midline of the body or from an adjacent part or limb

7. Adduction
Moving of a body part toward the central axis of the body

8. Abduct – Take away Adduct – Add it to your body

9. Circumduction
Movement of a limb or extremity so that the distal end describes a circle while the proximal end remains fixed

10. Seven Golden Rules of Muscle Activity
Muscles get smaller as they contract.
Muscles cross at least one joint.
The bulk of the muscle lies proximal to the joint crossed.
All muscles have an insertion and origin.
During contraction, the insertion moves toward the origin.
Muscles only pull; they never push.
Muscles work in pairs.

11. Smaller as they Contract.
1.Muscles Get …..
Smaller as they Contract.
Try it with your bicep!!!

12. 2.Muscles Cross at Least One Joint
Think drawbridge!!
How can muscles effect movement if they don’t cross a joint?
Where does the bulk of the muscle lie? 

15. Muscle Attachment Sites: Origin & Insertion
Skeletal muscles produce movements by exerting force on tendons
Tendons pull on bones or other structures such as skin
Skeletal muscle contraction pulls one articulating bone towards the other
Origin (usually proximal): attachment of a muscle tendon to the stationary bone
Insertion (usually distal): attachment of the muscle’s other tendon to the movable bone
Action/s: main movements that occur when the muscle contracts

16. All Muscles Have an Insertion and an Origin
Insertion = More moveable attachment
Origin = Less moveable attachment
Insertion is usually distal.
Origin is usually proximal.
Insertion moves toward origin during muscle contraction.

17. Because they work in PAIRS!!!!
Muscles Only Pull
So how do they effect flexion AND extension? Abduction AND Adduction?
Because they work in PAIRS!!!!
Prime Mover = the muscle with major responsibility for effecting a movement.
Antagonist = the opposing muscle responsible for the opposite movement.

18. Naming the Skeletal Muscles
Location: example the frontalis is located over frontal bone
Shape: example the deltoid (“triangular) is triangular
Relative size: maximus, minimus, and longus
Example: gluteus maximus and gluteus minimus
Direction of fascicles and muscle fibers: direction that fibers run
Example: rectus (straight or parallel) abdominis and transversus (perpendicular) abdominis
Location of attachments: reveals point of origin and insertion
Example: sternocledomastoid = origin on sternum and clavicle with insertion on mastoid
Number of origins: two, three, or four origins
Indicated by the words biceps, triceps, and quadriceps
Action: part of the muscle’s name indicates muscle movement
Flexor, extensor, adductor, or abductor

19. Bellwork
What are two ways in which muscles are named? Give examples?

20. Superficial Muscles of the Body—Anterior View
Trapezius
Shoulder
Deltoid
Arm
Triceps brachii
Biceps brachii
Brachialis
Forearm
Pronator teres
Brachioradialis
Flexor carpi radialis
Palmaris longus
Pelvis/thigh
Iliopsoas
Pectineus
Thigh
Rectus femoris
Vastus lateralis
Vastus medialis
Leg
Fibularis longus
Extensor digitorum
longus
Tibialis anterior
Head
Facial
Temporalis
Epicranius, frontal belly
Orbicularis oculi
Zygomaticus
Orbicularis oris
Neck
Sternohyoid
Sternocleidomastoid
Thorax
Pectoralis major
Pectoralis minor
Serratus anterior
Intercostals
Abdomen
External oblique
Rectus abdominis
Internal oblique
Transversus abdominis
Sartorius
Tensor fasciae
latae
Adductor longus
Gracilis
Gastrocnemius
Soleus
Masseter
Platysma
(a)
Figure 11.8a

21. Superficial Muscles of the Body—Posterior View
Neck
Epicranius, occipital belly
Arm
Sternocleidomastoid
Triceps brachii
Trapezius
Brachialis
Shoulder
Deltoid
Forearm
Infraspinatus
Brachioradialis
Teres major
Extensor carpi radialis
longus
Rhomboid major
Triangle of auscultation
Flexor carpi ulnaris
Latissimus dorsi
Extensor carpi ulnaris
Hip
Extensor digitorum
Gluteus medius
Gluteus maximus
Iliotibial tract
Thigh
Adductor magnus
Gracilis
Hamstrings:
Biceps femoris
Leg
Semitendinosus
Gastrocnemius
Semimembranosus
Soleus
Fibularis longus
Calcaneal
(Achilles) tendon
(b)
Figure 11.8b

22. Muscle Movements

23. Muscles of the Head—Facial Expression
Figure 11.9

24. Facial expression Frontalis Zygomaticus Origin: Cranial apneurosis
Insertion: Skin of eyebrows
Raises eyebrows and wrinkles the skin of your forehead
Zygomaticus
Origin: Cheekbone
Insertion: Corner of mouth
Extends from corner of the mouth to the cheekbone
Smiling and Laughing

25. Muscles of the Head—Facial Expression
Figure 11.9

26. Facial Expression Orbicularis Oculi Orbicularis Oris
Origin/Insertion: Around eye orbital
Fibers that run in circles around the eyes. Allows your eyes, squint, blink, wink
Orbicularis Oris
Origin/Insertion: Around lips
Circular muscle of lips.
Closes the mouth
Kissing muscle

27. Muscles of the Head—Facial Expression
Figure 11.9

28. Chewing Masseter Origin: Zygomatic Process Insertion: Mandible
Covers the angle of the lower jaw as it runs from the zygomatic process
Closes jaw by elevating jaw

29. Exit Survey

30. Trunk Muscles

31. Muscles of the Abdominal Wall
Serratus
anterior
Pectoralis major
Linea alba
Tendinous
intersection
Rectus
abdominis
Inguinal ligament
(formed by free
inferior border of
the external oblique
aponeurosis)
Transversus
Internal oblique
External
oblique
Aponeurosis
of the external
(a)
PLAY
A&P Flix: Internal obliques
PLAY
A&P Flix: External obliques
Figure 11.14a

32. Abdominal wall 3 layers constrict and hold abdominal contents in place
External oblique, internal oblique
Transversus abdominis
Rectus abdominis- abs

33. Trunk Muscles Rectus Abdominis Origin: Pubic symphysis
Insertion: Rib Cage
Flex vertebral column

34. Trunk Muscles: Obliques

35. Trunk Muscles External Oblique Internal Oblique Both
Origin: Last 8 ribs (External)
Insertion: Ilium
Internal Oblique
Origin: Iliac Crest
Insertion: Last 3 ribs (Internal)
Both
Flex vertebral column
Rotate trunk and bend it laterally

36. External oblique- lower 8 ribs- iliac crest
Internal oblique- crest- lower 3/4 ribs and costal cartilage

37. Superficial Muscles of the Posterior Thorax
Trapezius
(c)
Levator
scapulae
Supraspinatus
Clavicle
Spine of scapula
Infraspinatus
Teres minor
Humerus
Deltoid
Teres
major
Latissimus
dorsi
Rhomboid
minor
Figure 11.16c

38. Superficial Muscles of the Posterior Thorax
Levator
scapulae
(d)
Rhomboid
minor
major
Infraspinatus
Teres major
Teres minor
Latissimus
dorsi
Trapezius
Deltoid
Triceps
brachii
Triangle of
auscultation
Figure 11.16d

39. Posterior Muscles Latissimus dorsi Trapezius Covers lower back
Origin: Lower Spine
Insertion: Proximal end of humerus
Extends, adducts and rotates the arm medially
Swimmer’s muscle
Trapezius
Kite shaped
Origin: Runs from skull down vertebral column
Insertion: scapular spine and clavicle
Extends the head

40. Posterior Muscles Deltoid Triangle-shaped Origin: clavicle
Insertion: proximal humerus
Form rounded shape of shoulders
Primary movers of arm abduction

41. Muscles of the Extremities

42. Superficial Muscles of the Anterior Thorax
Sternocleidomastoid
Deltoid
Pectoralis
major
Sternum
Biceps
brachii
(a)
Subclavius
Clavicle
Subscapularis
minor
Coracobrachialis
Serratus
anterior
Humerus
Figure 11.16a

43. Pectoralis major Origin: Sternum, Shoulder Girdle, First six ribs
Insertion: Proximal End of Humerus
Flexes and adducts the arm

44. Muscles of the Upper Limb
Clavicle
Deltoid
Sternum
Pectoralis major
Lateral head
Long head
Medial head
Coracobrachialis
Triceps brachii
Biceps brachii
Brachialis
Brachio-
radialis
(a) Anterior view
Figure 11.17a

45. Muscles of the Upper Limb
Biceps brachii
Origin: Shoulder girdle (scapula)
Insertion: Radius
Flexes arm, forearm, supinates hand
Note two origins

46. Muscles of the Upper Limb
Triceps Brachii
Origin: shoulder girdle and humerus
Insertion: Ulna
Prime mover of elbow extension
Note three origins

47. Muscles of Lower Limb

48. Posterior Muscles Gluteus maximus Origin: pelvis Insertion: femur
Movement of Hip and Thigh in walking (Extends the thigh at the hip).
Ex: Climbing stairs and standing up
Also helps abduct thigh
Gluteus medius
Gluteus maximus
Adductor magnus
Gracilis
Iliotibial tract
Long head
Semitendinosus
Semimembranosus
Short head
Biceps femoris
(c)
Figure 11.23c

49. Posterior Muscles
Hamstring Group (Semitendinosus, Semimembranosus, Biceps femoris)
Origin: Ischium
Insertion: Tibia
Flexes knee and extends the thigh at hip

50. Anterior Muscles
Quadriceps Group(Vastus Medialis, Intermedius and Lateralis and Rectus Femoris)
Composed of four muscles
Origin: Femur/ Pelvis
Insertion: Tibia
Extends knee and flexes thigh at hip

51. Moving foot Gastrocnemius (calf muscle)- Origin: Femur
Insertion: Calcaneus
flexes foot and leg (at knee), supinates foot

53. Muscles of the Posterior Compartment
Superficial muscles: triceps surae (gastrocnemius, soleus) and the plantaris
Plantaris
Tendon of
gastrocnemius
Calcaneal
tendon
Medial
malleolus
Medial head
Gastroc-
nemius
Lateral head
Lateral
Calcaneus
(a)
Soleus
Tendon of tibialis
posterior
Tendon of
plantaris
Fibularis brevis
Head of fibula
Popliteus
Plantaris
Gastroc-
nemius
Lateral head
(cut)
Medial head
Fibularis longus
(b)
Figure 11.27a, b