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The Muscular System
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Five Golden Rules of Skeletal Muscle Activity
Table 6.2
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Muscles and Body Movements
Movement is attained due to a muscle moving an attached bone Muscles are attached to at least two points Origin Attachment to a moveable bone Insertion Attachment to an immovable bone
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Muscles and Body Movements
Figure 6.12
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Types of Ordinary Body Movements
Flexion Decreases the angle of the joint Brings two bones closer together Typical of hinge joints like knee and elbow Extension Opposite of flexion Increases angle between two bones
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Types of Ordinary Body Movements
Figure 6.13a
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Types of Ordinary Body Movements
Figure 6.13b
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Types of Ordinary Body Movements
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Types of Ordinary Body Movements
Rotation Movement of a bone around its longitudinal axis Common in ball-and-socket joints Example is when you move atlas around the dens of axis (shake your head “no”)
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Types of Ordinary Body Movements
Figure 6.13c
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Types of Ordinary Body Movements
Abduction Movement of a limb away from the midline Adduction Opposite of abduction Movement of a limb toward the midline
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Types of Ordinary Body Movements
Figure 6.13d
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Types of Ordinary Body Movements
Circumduction Combination of flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction Common in ball-and-socket joints
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Types of Ordinary Body Movements
Figure 6.13d
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Special Movements Dorsiflexion
Lifting the foot so that the superior surface approaches the shin Plantar flexion Depressing the foot (pointing the toes)
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Special Movements Figure 6.13e
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Special Movements Inversion Turn sole of foot medially Eversion
Turn sole of foot laterally
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Special Movements Figure 6.13f
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Special Movements Supination
Forearm rotates laterally so palm faces anteriorly Pronation Forearm rotates medially so palm faces posteriorly
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Special Movements Figure 6.13g
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Special Movements Opposition
Move thumb to touch the tips of other fingers on the same hand
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Special Movements Figure 6.13h
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Types of Muscles Prime mover—muscle with the major responsibility for a certain movement Antagonist—muscle that opposes or reverses a prime mover Synergist—muscle that aids a prime mover in a movement and helps prevent rotation Fixator—stabilizes the origin of a prime mover
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Types of Muscles
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Naming Skeletal Muscles
By direction of muscle fibers Example: Rectus (straight) By relative size of the muscle Example: Maximus (largest)
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Naming Skeletal Muscles
By location of the muscle Example: Temporalis (temporal bone) By number of origins Example: Triceps (three heads)
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Naming Skeletal Muscles
By location of the muscle’s origin and insertion Example: Sterno (on the sternum) By shape of the muscle Example: Deltoid (triangular) By action of the muscle Example: Flexor and extensor (flexes or extends a bone)
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Arrangement of Fascicles
Figure 6.14
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Head and Neck Muscles Facial muscles ___________—raises eyebrows
_______________—closes eyes, squints, blinks, winks _______________—closes mouth and protrudes the lips _____________—flattens the cheek, chews _____________—raises corners of the mouth Chewing muscles ____________—closes the jaw and elevates mandible _____________—synergist of the masseter, closes jaw
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____________—pulls the corners of the mouth inferiorly
Head and Neck Muscles Neck muscles ____________—pulls the corners of the mouth inferiorly ________________—flexes the neck, rotates the head
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Head and Neck Muscles Figure 6.15
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Muscles of Trunk, Shoulder, Arm
Anterior muscles ________________—adducts and flexes the humerus
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Anterior Muscles of Trunk, Shoulder, Arm
Figure 6.16a
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Muscles of Trunk, Shoulder, Arm
Muscles of the abdominal girdle ________________—flexes vertebral column and compresses abdominal contents (defecation, childbirth, forced breathing) __________________________—flex vertebral column; rotate trunk and bend it laterally ________________________—compresses abdominal contents
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Anterior Muscles of Trunk, Shoulder, Arm
Figure 6.16b
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Muscles of Trunk, Shoulder, Arm
Posterior muscles ___________—elevates, depresses, adducts, and stabilizes the scapula __________________—extends and adducts the humerus _________—arm abduction
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Muscles of Posterior Neck, Trunk, Arm
Figure 6.17a
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Muscles of Posterior Neck, Trunk, Arm
Figure 6.17b
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Muscles of the Upper Limb
_____________—supinates forearm, flexes elbow ___________—elbow flexion ________________—elbow extension (antagonist to biceps brachii)
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Anterior Muscles of Trunk, Shoulder, Arm
Figure 6.16a
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Muscles of Posterior Neck, Trunk, Arm
Figure 6.17a
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Muscles of the Lower Limb
______________—hip extension ________________—adduct the thighs
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Muscles of the Pelvis, Hip, Thigh
Figure 6.19a
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Muscles of the Pelvis, Hip, Thigh
Figure 6.19c
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Muscles of the Lower Limb
Muscles causing movement at the knee joint Hamstring group—thigh extension and knee flexion __________________
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Muscles of the Pelvis, Hip, Thigh
Figure 6.19a
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Muscles of the Lower Limb
Muscles causing movement at the knee joint ____________—flexes the thigh Quadriceps group—extends the knee _______________ Lateralis, Intermedius, and Medialis
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Muscles of the Pelvis, Hip, Thigh
Figure 6.19c
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Muscles of the Lower Limb
Muscles causing movement at ankle and foot ________________—dorsiflexion and foot inversion _________________—plantar flexion, everts the foot __________—plantar flexion
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Muscles of the Lower Leg
Figure 6.20a
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Muscles of the Lower Leg
Figure 6.20b
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Superficial Muscles: Anterior
Figure 6.21
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Superficial Muscles: Posterior
Figure 6.22
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Superficial Anterior Muscles of the Body
Table 6.3 (1 of 3)
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Superficial Anterior Muscles of the Body
Table 6.3 (2 of 3)
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Superficial Anterior Muscles of the Body
Table 6.3 (3 of 3)
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Superficial Posterior Muscles of the Body
Table 6.4 (1 of 3)
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Superficial Posterior Muscles of the Body
Table 6.4 (2 of 3)
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Superficial Posterior Muscles of the Body
Table 6.4 (3 of 3)
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Intramuscular Injection Sites
Figure 6.18, 6.19b, d
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