1. Muscl es

2. Muscles Functional anatomy of the Upper Limb - trapezius: attached to scapula and axial skeleton. Due to muscle shape it is capable of moving bones in several directions. - Deltoid: Over shoulder - Bicep brachii: bends forearm at the elbow - Tricep brachii: extends forearm - Brachialis: beneath bicep, flexes forearm. - Brachioradialis: In forearm, flexing of wrist

3. Muscles Functional anatomy of the Upper Limb

4. Muscles Functional anatomy of the Lower Limb - Generally bulkier and more powerful than upper limb but allow less freedom of movement - Gluteal muscles: from pelvis to femur. (largest is gluteus maximus) Three main muscle groups: 1) Hamstrings: bend leg at knee, extend thigh backwards (back of leg) 2) Quadriceps: strong extensors of knee joint (front of leg) 3) Adductors; move thigh towards centre line, antagonistic to gluteal muscles

5. Muscles Functional anatomy of the Lower Limb - Lower leg: Gastrocnemius: More prominent section of ‘calf’ - Soleus: supports gastrocnemius, points toes down - Calcanean (Achilles) tendon: attached to heel bone - Anterior tibialis: bends foot forwards -for striding gait (front of far lower leg) - Posterior tibialis: support for longitudinal arch (back of extreme lower leg)

6. Muscles Functional anatomy of the Lower Limb

7. Muscles Fitness and Exercise - Improve muscular strength, endurance & flexibility. Strength: force muscular group can exert against a resistance in one effort Endurance: contract repeatedly or sustain contraction over a period of time Flexibility: Range of movement about a joint - Improves Cardiorespiratory endurance (heart rate/capacity) - Increased High-density lipoprotein (LDH) in blood (less plaque in vessels) - Lowers risk of Cardiovascular disease/cancer - Improve bone density/strength - Prevents osteoporosis, weight gain, depression - Atrophy: decrease in muscle size due to inactivity To increase muscle size: muscle must contract to 75% of maximum tension

8. Muscles Disorders of Muscle Tissue Paralysis: - Damage to spinal cord, loss of all sensation and voluntary muscle movement - Paraplegia: paralysis of both lower limbs - Quadriplegia: paralysis of all four limbs Strain: - overstretching a muscle or tendon Abnormal contractions: Spasm: sudden, involuntary, for short periods Cramp: involuntary, sustained contraction Convulsion: violent, involuntary contraction of an entire muscle group

9. Muscles Disorders of Muscle Tissue Abnormal contractions: Fibrillation: uncoordinated contraction of muscle fibres. (muscle can’t contract smoothly) Tics: involuntary spasmodic twitching of voluntary muscles. (often in eyelids, face muscles) Muscular Dystrophy: - Inherited muscle wasting disease. - Degeneration of individual muscle cells, leading to reduction in muscle size. - Increase in connective tissue - 2 main forms Duchenne (mainly in men), fascioscapulohumeral (both sexes)