1. The Ankle and Foot Joints
Anatomy and Physiology of Human Movement
420:050

2. The Ankle and Foot Joints
Must support entire body weight
Over 100 ligaments
Propulsion of entire body weight (F=ma)
Very complex
26 bones
~25 joints
31 muscles
12 extrinsic muscles
19 intrinsic muscles

3. Objectives
Bones, bony landmarks and joints
Muscles
Movements

4. Bones 29 bones, including tibia and fibula
Calcaneus and talus
Tarsals (5)
Metatarsals (5)
Numbered 1-5
Phalanges (14)
Three for each toe
Two for the big toe
Big toes have sesamoid bones in metatarsophalangeal joint tendons

6. Ankle and Foot Joints Talocrural joint (ankle)
Uniaxial hinge
Subtalar joint
Gliding/nonaxial
Transverse tarsal joints
Intertarsal joints
Tarsometatarsal joints
Metatarsophalangeal joints
Biaxial ball and socket
Proximal interphalangeal joints
Little toes – Uniaxial hinge
Distal interphalangeal joints
Little toes – Uniaxial hinge
Interphalangeal joint
Big toe – Uniaxial hinge

7. Talocrural joint Subtalar joint Plantar/dorsiflexion Sagittal, ML axis
Eversion/inversion
Frontal plane AP axis

9. Objectives
Bones, bony landmarks and joints
Muscles
Movements

10. Ankle and Foot Muscles Extrinsic muscles (12) Intrinsic muscles (19)
Multiarticular (6)
Knee/ankle (2)
Ankle/toe (4)
Uniarticular (6)
Ankle (6)
Intrinsic muscles (19)

11. Extrinsic Ankle and Foot (12)
Knee and Ankle (2)
Knee flexion, plantarflexion
Ankle and Toe (4)
Plantarflexion, toe flexion, inversion (2)
Little toes
Big toe
Dorsiflexion, toe extension (2)
Little toes, eversion
Big toe, inversion
Ankle (6)
Plantarflexion (4)
2 invertors
3 evertors
Dorsiflexion (2)
1 invertor
1 evertor

12. Objectives
Bones, bony landmarks and joints
Muscles
Movements

13. Movements Plantarflexion (posterior compartment)
Dorsiflexion (anterior compartment)
Eversion (lateral compartment)
Inversion (posterior and anterior compartment)
Toe flexion (posterior compartment)
Toe extension (anterior compartment)
Toe abduction (intrinsic)
Toe adduction (intrinsic)

14. Ankle Plantar Flexion Agonists Gastrocnemius Soleus
Flexor digitorum longus
Flexor hallucis longus
Peroneus (fibularis) longus
Peroneus (fibularis) brevis
Plantaris
Tibialis posterior

15. Ankle Dorsiflexion Agonists Tibialis anterior
Extensor digitorum longus
Peroneus (fibularis) tertius
Extensor hallucis longus

16. Transverse Tarsal & Subtalar Inversion
Agonists
Tibialis anterior
Tibialis posterior
Flexor digitorum longus
Flexor hallucis longus

17. Transverse Tarsal & Subtalar Eversion
Agonists
Peroneus (fibularis) longus
Peroneus (fibularis) brevis
Peroneus (fibularis) tertius
Extensor digitorum longus

19. Toe Flexion
Agonists
Flexor hallucis longus
Flexor digitorum longus

20. Toe Extension Agonists Extensor hallucis longus
Extensor digitorum longus

21. Intrinsic Muscles (19)