1. Lesser-Toe Abnormalities by Michael J. Coughlin J Bone Joint Surg Am Volume 84(8):1446-1469 August 1, 2002 ©2002 by The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery, Inc.

2. Constricting shoe wear may lead to pressure and deformity of the lesser toes. Michael J. Coughlin J Bone Joint Surg Am 2002;84:1446- 1469 ©2002 by The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery, Inc.

3. Various methods of conservative treatment: a soft pad for treatment of a corn on the fifth toe, a toe cap for treatment of a lesion on the tip of the toe, and tube gauze for treatment of a severe hammer-toe deformity. Michael J. Coughlin J Bone Joint Surg Am 2002;84:1446- 1469 ©2002 by The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery, Inc.

4. Mallet-toe deformities of the third, fourth, and fifth toes. Michael J. Coughlin J Bone Joint Surg Am 2002;84:1446- 1469 ©2002 by The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery, Inc.

5. A toe crest may be used to diminish pressure and to assist with healing of the lesion at the tip of the toe. Michael J. Coughlin J Bone Joint Surg Am 2002;84:1446- 1469 ©2002 by The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery, Inc.

6. Figs. 5-A through 5-F Technique for mallet-toe repair. Michael J. Coughlin J Bone Joint Surg Am 2002;84:1446- 1469 ©2002 by The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery, Inc.

7. Fig. 6-A A simple hammer-toe deformity with contracture of the proximal interphalangeal joint and no deformity of the metatarsophalangeal joint. Michael J. Coughlin J Bone Joint Surg Am 2002;84:1446- 1469 ©2002 by The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery, Inc.

8. Moderate hallux valgus deformity with a concomitant second hammer toe. Michael J. Coughlin J Bone Joint Surg Am 2002;84:1446- 1469 ©2002 by The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery, Inc.

9. Figs. 8-A through 8-F Technique for repair of a fixed hammer toe. Michael J. Coughlin J Bone Joint Surg Am 2002;84:1446- 1469 ©2002 by The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery, Inc.

10. Fig. 9-A Radiograph of preoperative hammer-toe deformity. Michael J. Coughlin J Bone Joint Surg Am 2002;84:1446- 1469 ©2002 by The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery, Inc.

11. Figs. 10-A through 10-D Technique for repair of a flexible hammer toe. Michael J. Coughlin J Bone Joint Surg Am 2002;84:1446- 1469 ©2002 by The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery, Inc.

12. Figs. 11-A and 11-B Instability following excessive bone resection. Michael J. Coughlin J Bone Joint Surg Am 2002;84:1446- 1469 ©2002 by The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery, Inc.

13. Postoperatively molding may occur as the digit conforms to the space between the remaining digits. Michael J. Coughlin J Bone Joint Surg Am 2002;84:1446- 1469 ©2002 by The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery, Inc.

14. Fig. 13-A Radiographic evidence of malalignment of the second toe following hammer-toe repair. Michael J. Coughlin J Bone Joint Surg Am 2002;84:1446- 1469 ©2002 by The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery, Inc.

15. Clawing of all five digits demonstrated with the push-up test, in which the examiner's hand pushes the foot and ankle into dorsiflexion, causing clawing of the digits. Michael J. Coughlin J Bone Joint Surg Am 2002;84:1446- 1469 ©2002 by The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery, Inc.

16. Figs. 15-A and 15-B The drawer test. Michael J. Coughlin J Bone Joint Surg Am 2002;84:1446- 1469 ©2002 by The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery, Inc.

17. Figs. 16-A, 16-B, and 16-C Instability of the second metatarsophalangeal joint with progressive deviation. Michael J. Coughlin J Bone Joint Surg Am 2002;84:1446- 1469 ©2002 by The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery, Inc.

18. End-on views showing mild deformity (top), moderate deformity (middle), and severe deformity (bottom). Michael J. Coughlin J Bone Joint Surg Am 2002;84:1446- 1469 ©2002 by The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery, Inc.

19. Radiographs showing mild deformity (top), moderate deformity (middle), and severe deformity (bottom). Michael J. Coughlin J Bone Joint Surg Am 2002;84:1446- 1469 ©2002 by The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery, Inc.

20. Figs. 17-A through 17-D Soft-tissue realignment for treatment of a crossover second toe. Michael J. Coughlin J Bone Joint Surg Am 2002;84:1446- 1469 ©2002 by The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery, Inc.

21. Fig. 17-C Postoperative clinical appearance following flexor tendon transfer and soft-tissue realignment. Michael J. Coughlin J Bone Joint Surg Am 2002;84:1446- 1469 ©2002 by The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery, Inc.

22. Figs. 18-A and 18-B Capital oblique osteotomy. Michael J. Coughlin J Bone Joint Surg Am 2002;84:1446- 1469 ©2002 by The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery, Inc.

23. Figs. 19-A and 19-B Mini-syndactylization of the lesser toes. Michael J. Coughlin J Bone Joint Surg Am 2002;84:1446- 1469 ©2002 by The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery, Inc.

24. The Mulder sign. Michael J. Coughlin J Bone Joint Surg Am 2002;84:1446- 1469 ©2002 by The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery, Inc.

25. Cock-up deformity of the fifth toe. Michael J. Coughlin J Bone Joint Surg Am 2002;84:1446- 1469 ©2002 by The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery, Inc.

26. Preoperative appearance of a crossover fifth-toe deformity. Michael J. Coughlin J Bone Joint Surg Am 2002;84:1446- 1469 ©2002 by The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery, Inc.

27. Figs. 23-A through 23-D Technique for repair of an overlapping fifth toe. Michael J. Coughlin J Bone Joint Surg Am 2002;84:1446- 1469 ©2002 by The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery, Inc.

28. Figs. 24-A through 24-E Technique of the Ruiz-Mora procedure. Michael J. Coughlin J Bone Joint Surg Am 2002;84:1446- 1469 ©2002 by The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery, Inc.

29. Figs. 25-A through 25-F Technique of the Thompson procedure for treatment of an underlapping fifth toe. Michael J. Coughlin J Bone Joint Surg Am 2002;84:1446- 1469 ©2002 by The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery, Inc.

30. Figs. 26-A, 26-B, and 26-C Syndactylization of the fifth toe. Michael J. Coughlin J Bone Joint Surg Am 2002;84:1446- 1469 ©2002 by The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery, Inc.

31. Fig. 27-A Lateral fifth-toe corn. Michael J. Coughlin J Bone Joint Surg Am 2002;84:1446- 1469 ©2002 by The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery, Inc.

32. Pad placed between the fourth and fifth toes to cushion an interdigital corn. Michael J. Coughlin J Bone Joint Surg Am 2002;84:1446- 1469 ©2002 by The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery, Inc.

33. Figs. 29-A through 29-D Technique of partial condylectomy for treatment of a lateral fifth-toe corn. Michael J. Coughlin J Bone Joint Surg Am 2002;84:1446- 1469 ©2002 by The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery, Inc.