1. Anatomy of The Foot & Ankle

2. Bones of the Lower Leg,Foot, & Ankle
The foot is broken down into three major regions:
-Forefoot:
5 Metatarsals, 14 Phalanges,
2 sesamoids
-Mid-foot:
Navicular, Cuboid, Cuneiforms
-Hind-foot:
Talus and Calcaneus
-Talocrual Joint (Ankle Joint):
Tibia, Fibula, Talus

5. Medial View

6. Lateral View

7. Joints of the Lower Leg, Foot, & Ankle

8. X-Ray of the Foot & Ankle

9. X-Ray of the Foot & Ankle

11. (5 Metatarsals, 14 Phalanges, 2 sesamoids)
Joints of the Foot
Forefoot
(5 Metatarsals, 14 Phalanges, 2 sesamoids)
Metatarsophalengeal Joints: The articulation of the metatarsals and phalanges
MTP, PIP, DIP
Intermetatarsal Joints: The articulation of the metatarsals.
Tarsometatarsal Joints: The articulation of the Tarsals and Metatarsals.

12. (Navicular, Cuboid, 3 cuneiforms)
Joints of the Foot
The Mid-Foot
(Navicular, Cuboid, 3 cuneiforms)
Calcaneocuboid joint
Talocalcaneonavicular joint
Cuneonavicular
Cuboideonavicular
Cuneocuboid
Intercuneiform

13. Joints of the Lower Leg, Foot, & Ankle
The Hind-Foot
(The Talus and Calcaneus)
Talocrual Joint (Ankle Joint): The articulation between the talus, tibia, and lateral malleolus (distal end of the fibula)

14. Ligaments of the Foot & Ankle
Lateral Ankle
1. Anterior inferior Tibiofibular ligament:
2. Posterior Tibiofibular ligament
3. Posterior Talofibular ligament
4. Calcaneofibular ligament
5. Lateral talocalcaneal ligament
6. Anterior talofibular ligament

15. Ligaments of the Foot & Ankle
Medial Ankle
Posterior talocalcaneal ligament
Plantar calcaneonavicular ligament
Deltoid Ligament:
Posterior tibiofibular ligament
Tibiocalcaneal ligament
Anterior tibiotalar ligament
Tibionavicular ligament

16. Ligaments of the Foot & Ankle

17. Ligaments of the Foot & Ankle
plantar fascia
-the thick connective tissue which supports the arch of the foot. It runs from the tuberosity of the calcaneus forward to the heads of the metatarsal bones.

18. Ligaments of the Foot & Ankle

19. Muscles of the Lower Leg, Foot, & Ankle
Sheaths of Fascia divide the lower leg into four compartments:
Anterior
Lateral
Deep Posterior
Superficial Posterior

20. Muscles of the Lower Leg, Foot, & Ankle
Anterior Compartment:
Tibialis Anterior
Extensor Digitorum Longus
Extensor Hallucis Longus
Peroneus Tertius

21. Muscles of the Lower Leg, Foot, & Ankle
Lateral Compartment:
Peroneus Longus
Peroneus Brevis

22. Muscles of the Lower Leg, Foot, & Ankle
Deep Posterior:
Tibialis Posterior
Flexor Digitorum Longus
Flexor Hallucis Longus

23. Muscles of the Lower Leg, Foot, & Ankle
Superficial Posterior:
Gastrocnemius
Soleus
Plantaris

24. Muscles of the Lower Leg, Foot, & Ankle

25. Muscles of the Lower Leg, Foot, & Ankle

26. Muscles of the Lower Leg, Foot, & Ankle

27. Muscles of the Lower Leg, Foot, & Ankle

28. Muscles of the Lower Leg, Foot, & Ankle

29. Motions of the Foot and Ankle

30. Conditions of the Lower Leg, Foot, and Ankle
Hallux Rigidus
Hallux Valgus
Claw, hammer, and mallet toe
Turf toe
Jones Fracture
Plantar Fasciitis
Heel Spurs
Lateral Ankle Sprain
Eversion Ankle Sprain
Calcaneal bursitis
Achilles Tendonitis
Achilles Tendon Rupture

31. Toe and Foot Conditions
Bunions-Hallux Valgus
-Condition that is characterized by deviation of the great toe towards the lesser toes.
-This results in the development of a bony prominence on the inner aspect of the foot at the base of the great toe.

32. Toe and Foot Conditions
Bunions Hallux Rigidus
-Due to arthritic degeneration of the 1st MTP Joint which may be very painful, but generally shows little deformity.
-Usually a bony prominence but more on top of the big toe joint develops.
-Limited range of mobility that occurs due to the arthritis

33. Toe and Foot Conditions
Claw Toe
-Contracted at the middle and end joints in the toe
-Can lead to severe pressure and pain
-Ligaments and tendons that have tightened cause your toe's joints to curl downwards.
-Claw toes can occur in any toe, except the big toe.

34. Toe and Foot Conditions
Hammer Toe
-Deformity usually exists in one toe at the proximal inter phalangeal joint PIP
-The base of the toe points upward and the end of the toe points down.

35. Toe and Foot Conditions
Mallet Toe
-Deformity that occurs in the sagittal plane and affects only the distal phalanx.
-Usually patients will see a callused area on the end of the toe and top of the last joint (DIP).

36. Toe and Foot Conditions
Turf Toe
-Occurs after forceful extension of the Great Toe
-Causing damage to the ligaments on the plantar surface of the foot.

37. Toe and Foot Conditions
Jones Fracture
-Occur in the small area of the fifth metatarsal that receives less blood supply and more prone to difficulties in healing.
-Jones fractures are caused by overuse, repetitive stress, or trauma. They are less common and more difficult to treat than avulsion fractures.

38. Toe and Foot Conditions
Plantar Fasciitis
-Occurs when the long fibrous plantar fascia ligament along the bottom of the foot develops tears in the tissue resulting in pain and inflammation

39. Toe and Foot Conditions
Morton’s Neuroma
-occur in response to irritation, pressure or injury to one of the nerves that lead to your toes.
-The growth of thickened nerve tissue (neuroma) is part of your body's response to the irritation or injury.

40. Foot and Ankle Conditions
Lateral Ankle Sprain
(Inversion)
-Most common type of ankle sprain
-Occurs when the foot is forced to invert in which you roll over on the outside of your foot.
-The Anterior Talofibular Ligament is most commonly involved ligaments in this type of sprain.
-90% of ankle sprains are inversion injuries

41. Foot and Ankle Conditions
Eversion Ankle Sprain
-Significantly Less common
- Occurs due to forceful eversion of the foot.
Stretching deltoid ligament.

42. Foot and Ankle Conditions
Calcaneal Bursitis
-Inflammation of the calcaneal bursae
-Most commonly caused by repetitive overuse and cumulative trauma, as seen in runners wearing tight-fitting shoes.

43. Foot and Ankle Conditions
Achilles Tendonitis
-Inflammation of the Achilles Tendon
-Most commonly caused by repetitive overuse and cumulative trauma, as seen in runners wearing tight-fitting shoes.

44. Foot and Ankle Conditions
Achilles Tendon Rupture
-Rupture can occur while performing actions requiring explosive acceleration, such as pushing off or jumping.