1. Reproductive and Somatic Effort in Dogwoods Week II Principles of Ecology BIOL 3060

2. Review Life history An organism’s typical pattern of : Growth & Survival Reproduction Somatic effort Growth/survival Reproductive effort Phenotypic plasticity A single organism can have >1 phenotype Spigot Model Reproduction only when somatic is topped-off

3. Age & Reproduction HO: The sunny side of trees growing on the edge of the forest will not have more flower buds per twig than on their shady side. HA: The sunny side of trees growing on the edge of the forest will have more flower buds per twig than on their shady side. Prediction: Individual life history is phenotypically plastic. Hypothesis 1

4. Age & Reproduction HO: The number of flower buds per twig is not greater for trees in the sun than for those in the shade (forest interior). HA: The number of flower buds per twig is greater for trees in the sun than for those in the shade (forest interior). Prediction: Increased energy leads to higher reproductive investment. Hypothesis 2

5. Age & Reproduction HO: Larger trees do not have more flower buds per twig than younger trees. HA: Larger trees have more flower buds per twig than younger trees. Prediction: Trees need to be a certain size before they reproduce; therefore, larger (older) trees should invest more energy in reproduction than smaller (younger) trees. Hypothesis 3

6. H 1 : % flower buds is greater on the sunny than shady side of roadside trees T-TEST X 1 AVG % flower buds on the sunny side (roadside) X 2 AVG % flower buds on the shady side (roadside) Note: this is a one- tailed test, with 38 d.f.

7. H 2 : % flower buds is greater for trees in the sun than for those in the shade T-TEST X 1 AVG % flower buds in understory X 2 AVG % flower buds on sunny side of roadside trees Note: this is a one- tailed test, with 38 d.f.

8. Correlation a) If there is NO difference between % flower buds in sunny and shady environments: Correlation #1: % total flower buds on roadside and understory trees (y-axis) vs DBH (x-axis) b) If there IS a difference between % flower buds in sunny and shady environments: Correlation #1: % total flower buds on roadside trees (y- axis) vs DBH (x-axis) Correlation #2: % total flower buds on understory trees (y- axis) vs DBH (x-axis) H 3 : % flower buds and tree age-size (DBH) are significantly positively correlated

9. Why do we have conditional analysis?

10. Hypothesis & Prediction 3 H 3 : % flower buds and tree age-size (DBH) are significantly positively correlated What do you get? → correlation coefficient: r -positive/negative relationship -significance of relationship CORRELATION ANALYSIS If correlation (r) between mean % flower buds and DBH is positive, look up the significance Note: (n 1 -2) = d.f.

11. Roadside TreesUnderstory Trees (40) Sunny-side (20)Shady-side (20) Total TreeDBHFlowerLeaf% FlrFlowerLeaf% FlrFlower TreeDBHLeafFlower 1511955%51525%1640%1331923% 2915575%10 50%2563%28251538% 3914670%91145%2358%38251538% etc. 181318290%13765%3178%187 2255% 19813765%19195%3280%197231743% 201017385%12860%2973%20543690% Mean7.9512.70 64%10.80 54%23.500.59 6.15 19.1048% S.D.3.693.41 17%3.68 18%5.490.14 2.08 6.9218%

12. Shoes for next week Good No good Okay