1. 1 © S. Hamano and W. Kikuchi Visualizing Japanese Grammar Appendix Shoko Hamano George Washington University

2. 2 © S. Hamano and W. Kikuchi Kinship terms The terms on the left are descriptive terms. They are used to objectively refer to kinship relationships or to speak of one own family members when talking to outside people. The terms on the right are deferential terms. Those in this page are used either to address one’s own elders or to speak of other people’s elders deferentially. descriptive termskinship titles (addressing one’s own or speaking of other’s) mother 母（はは）おかあさん father 父（ちち）おとうさん elder sister あねおねえさん elder brother あにおにいさん grandmother そぼおばあさん grandfather そふおじいさん aunt おばおばさん uncle おじおじさん

3. 3 © S. Hamano and W. Kikuchi Kinship terms The terms on the left column are again descriptive terms. The terms on the right column are deferential terms. used to speak of other people’s family politely. These terms refer to either collective family members or individual family members lower than the speaker. There are no deferential address terms for such relationships. descriptive terms kinship titles (speaking politely of others’) both parents りょうしんごりょうしん family かぞくごかぞく sibling きょうだいごきょうだい younger sister いもうといもうとさん younger brother おとうとおとうとさん cousin いとこ（おいとこさん） child こどもおこさん son むすこむすこさん daughter むすめむすめさん grandchild まごおまごさん

4. 4 © S. Hamano and W. Kikuchi Kinship terms The spousal relationships also lack deferential address terms. Descriptive terms for one’s own spouse tend to proliferate partly because of the awareness of the historical meanings of the traditional terms and partly because of taboo against directly referring to one’s own spouse in public. descriptive terms kinship titles (speaking politely of others’) wife つまおくさん かない にょうぼう ワイフ husband しゅじんごしゅじん おっと ていしゅごていしゅ