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10/6 notes Wolf essays due next time Paul out of town Office hour tomorrow at 11:00
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Archaic and Anasazi First: Folsom, Archaic, and corn Anasazi: Chaco Anasazi: Mesa Verde and Kayenta
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Archaic After Clovis, megafauna extinction 5500 BC to 1500 BC Some have it ending at BC-AD Nomadic hunter-gatherers Deer, rabbits, small game Wild plants Seasonal camps
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Atlatl Aztec word A-tul-A-tul At-LAT-ul Spear thrower You, too, can excel Atlatl clubs Bow, arrow by ~AD 500
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Corn Arrival of corn: BC Full dependence on corn: 500 BC Advantages: Makes an abundance of food Store it (especially when pottery evolved) More kids Disadvantages Not very nutritional Limited hunting activities Ground with stones – teeth problems.
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Teosinte
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Anasazi Caveat Yes, “Anasazi” is Navajo for “ancient ones” Yes, many Anasazi prehistoric sites lie within present Navajo Reservation Yes, Keet Seel and Betatakin House are in Navajo National Monument But no, Anasazi and Navajo not otherwise ancestrally related Anasazi Hisatsinom (Hopi)
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Anasazi Centers
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Climate Mesa Verde Cool, wet Kayenta Warm, wet Chaco Cool, dry SE Utah Warm, dry
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6500 ft PJ, Great Basin scrub Pretty bleak at Chaco today
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Pithouses 500 BC – AD 800 Mostly underground Entry through roof
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Great Houses Beginning by AD 800 to 900 Huge relative to nearby buildings Symmetrical layouts Banded masonry
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Pueblo Bonito 500 feet across 310 feet deep 4 stories Could house 1000 people Passive solar effects Kivas
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Chetro Ketl 4 stories in back Large plaza Kivas up front Completely enclosed
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Over 200,000 ponderosa pine trees used
Packrats show no late Holocene ponderosa Trees carried in? From where? How? Betancourt and Van Devender, 1981
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Chuska Mts. 60 miles away Today: Rocky Mt. ponderosa pine Also spruce and fir
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Long distance transport
~200,000 trees Perfect for tree-ring dating
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Chaco Irrigation Peñasco Blanco “garden” Diverted water from mesa top.
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Chaco Canyon Abandonment
No major construction after AD 1150 No tree ring dates after 1132 Perhaps occupants, but stopped thriving Why? Drought Resource depletion
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Chaco Precipitation Tree-ring based Typical of today
1130 Chaco Precipitation Tree-ring based Typical of today High variability Long drought, 1130 Lasted 50 years
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Piñon-Juniper Persisted Until Abandonment Overuse? No piñon now Juniper coming back
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Cliff Palace (~200 rooms) Cliff Dwellings Well preserved, little excavation needed Perishables: food, clothing
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Keet Seel Largest AZ cliff dwelling (155 rooms) Well preserved: “like they left yesterday”
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Keet Seel Part of Navajo NM Overnight hike Tours in summer Permit required: (928)
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MV & Kayenta Chronology
500 BC – AD 800 Cultivation important Pithouse dwellings Ceramics (pottery) start AD 800 – AD 1150 Unit surface pueblos
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MV & Kayenta Chronology
1150 – 1300 MV at AD 1200: Cliff dwellings, total population: 30,000 people Kayenta at AD 1250: Cliff dwellings 1300 MV and Kayenta abandoned Last tree-ring dates: mid 1280s.
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Kayenta vs. Mesa Verde Farming
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Kayenta vs. Mesa Verde Farming
MV farmed mesa tops Valley bottoms too narrow Reliance on summer rains for irrigation Vulnerable to extended drought
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Mesa Verde today
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Kayenta vs. Mesa Verde Farming
MV farmed mesa tops Valley bottoms too narrow Reliance on summer rains for irrigation Vulnerable to extended drought Kayenta farmed valley bottoms Upland soils too sparse Reliance on groundwater for irrigation Vulnerable to sediment loss.
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Tsegi Canyon (“among the rocks”)
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Canyon de Chelly
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100 ft. 20 ft.
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¼ - ½ mile
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Why did they leave? Drought “Great Drought” of 1276 – 1299 Mesa Verde affected
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Why did they leave? Sediment loss Perhaps due to tree cutting, over cultivation Kayenta affected.
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Where Did They Go?
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Where Did They Go? Post-1300 MV re-settlement: Northern Rio Grande Kayenta re-settlement: Hopi Region Considered ancestral to modern Puebloans (not to Navajo).
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Pueblos Today Hopi in AZ Other Pueblos in NM
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Anasazi and Environment Summary
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Anasazi and Environment Summary
People affect resources, affected by them Large communities of rock and wood May have used up wood Divert, trap, save water Sediment loss, drought Grow food Still needed other food Finally had to move to new resources Could this apply to modern society?
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