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2.  Compounding is a process of word formation that involves combining two or more words to form a single compound form. A compound word contains at least two bases that are both words, or at any rate, root morphemes.  The meaning of a compound is derived from its components  E.g.  Dream catcher  Talk show  Green house  Wind mill

3.  Compounding is a very important way of adding new words to the stock of English.  notebook  breakfast  lifejacket  teapot  frying pan  internet  classroom  wallpaper  skyscraper

4.  Compounding cannot be limited to 2 bases:  E.g.  mother-in-law  daughter-in-law  Three-time-loser  World trade center  Part-time teacher  Full-time teacher

5.  Conversion/ functional shift is a highly productive process of word formation.  In English, it is possible to form a new word from an existing word without any change in form.  E. g.  They will be at the party  They like to party  You must finish your plate, It is a must

6.  Conversion = zero derivation  Morphological structure, & / or syntactic position of the word tell us whether it is a noun or a verb.  I’m going to paper the wall  She will head that school  I have no access to the system or files  Let’s have a drink  The professor will chair the session

7.  Conversions from adjectives to nouns and vice versa are both very common in English.  N  V Fish  to fish Butter  to butter Bread  to bread Milk  to milk  V  N To kick  kick

8.  The making up of entirely new words from whole cloth; coined words are completely new words that are created outright to fit some purposes.  New products are given coined names: Clorox, Tide, Panadol, Vaseline, Xerox, Kleenex

9.  We usually derive words by attaching affixes to bases. Sometimes, however, there are complex words that historically existed as affixes before the base of the word.  When native speakers come to perceive these words as being complex rather than simple, they create what is called a back- formation by removing the supposed affixes.  The resulting word is called a backformation.

10.  People then start to create a verb out of this word.  Edit (v)  editor (n)  Resurrect (v)  resurrection (n) Burgle (v)  Burglar (n)  pea (n/sing.)  Pease (n/ plural)  to babysit (v)  Babysitter(n)

11.  Blending is a process of word formation in which parts of lexemes that are not themselves morphemes are combined to form a new lexeme.  a blend is a word formed from parts of two or more other words. These parts are sometimes, but not always, morphemes.

12.  Breakfast + lunch = brunch  Motor + hotel = motel  Spoon + fork = spork  Smoke + fog = smog  Emotions + icons = emoticons

13.  clipping is the process of creating or forming new words by shortening already existing words.  Clipping is also known as "truncation" or “shortening.“  Examination  exam  Mathematics  math  Condominium  condo.  Influenza  flu  Laboratory  lab  Photograph  photo  Gymnasium  gym  Refrigerator  fridge  Dormitory  dorm  Limousine  limo  Macintoush  mac

14.  An acronym is a word whose letters are the first letters of other words  SARS - Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome  AIDS – Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome  UNESCO – united nations educational scientific cultural organization  UNICEF – united nations international children’s emergency fund