1. FDOT Aviation Pavement Inspection Training Module 2 – Pavement Fundamentals – Overview Florida Department of Transportation Statewide Pavement Management Program Florida Department of Transportation Statewide Pavement Management Program

2. 2 Purpose (of Pavements) To carry traffic: Safely Smoothly Efficiently To carry traffic: Safely Smoothly Efficiently

3. 3 Pavement Types Rigid Flexible Composite Rigid Flexible Composite

4. 4 Pavement Types – Concrete Surfaced Rigid 1.Portland cement concrete 2.Stabilized or unbound subbase 3.Stabilized or natural subgrade Rigid 1.Portland cement concrete 2.Stabilized or unbound subbase 3.Stabilized or natural subgrade

5. 5 Pavement Types – Asphalt Surfaced Flexible 1.Asphalt concrete 2.Base (stabilized, unbound) 3.Subbase (stabilized,unbound) 4.Subgrade (stabilized,natural) Composite 1.Asphalt overlay 2.Rigid system Flexible 1.Asphalt concrete 2.Base (stabilized, unbound) 3.Subbase (stabilized,unbound) 4.Subgrade (stabilized,natural) Composite 1.Asphalt overlay 2.Rigid system

6. 6 Pavement Materials Rigid – materials (Portland cement and aggregates) –Very strong, durable –Expensive to repair Rigid – materials (Portland cement and aggregates) –Very strong, durable –Expensive to repair

7. 7 Pavement Structural Behavior Rigid

8. 8 Pavement Materials Flexible – materials (asphalt cement and aggregates) –Strength affected by temperature –Relatively easy to repair Flexible – materials (asphalt cement and aggregates) –Strength affected by temperature –Relatively easy to repair

9. 9 Pavement Structural Behavior Flexible

10. 10 What is Performance/Failure? General Categories of Distress: –cracking, distortion, disintegration, loss of skid resistance Causes –Environment: Swell, blowups (Non-Load, including drainage and environmental effects) –Load (too much traffic or weak structure (or both)) Alligator, corner breaks, joint spalls –Construction/materials related Bleeding, crazing/map cracking General Categories of Distress: –cracking, distortion, disintegration, loss of skid resistance Causes –Environment: Swell, blowups (Non-Load, including drainage and environmental effects) –Load (too much traffic or weak structure (or both)) Alligator, corner breaks, joint spalls –Construction/materials related Bleeding, crazing/map cracking

11. 11 Drainage, Subgrade and Base Failure Potholes & Heaving Weathering & Surface Deterioration Why and How Pavements Fail

12. 12 Load Associated Failures Cracking, Alligatoring, Rutting Why and How Pavements Fail

13. 13 Pavement Preservation Concepts Right treatment, Right pavement, Right time Includes maintenance, rehabilitation and reconstruction Built upon a Pavement Management System Right treatment, Right pavement, Right time Includes maintenance, rehabilitation and reconstruction Built upon a Pavement Management System

14. 14 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Time Pavement Condition Optimal timing for rehabilitation Pavement Management…. Good Satisfactory Fair Poor Very Poor Failed Serious

15. 15 Pavement Management  What & Why? Decision support tool Identifies sections needing treatment Allows cost-effective prioritization and allocation of resources Decision support tool Identifies sections needing treatment Allows cost-effective prioritization and allocation of resources

16. 16 Pavement Management  Why? Planning performance prediction prioritization budgeting Maintenance identify repair needs track effectiveness of repairs Planning performance prediction prioritization budgeting Maintenance identify repair needs track effectiveness of repairs

17. 17 Elements of a Pavement Management System (PMS) Database –inventory, –condition, –traffic, –maintenance and rehab (M&R) history, cost Analysis & Reporting tools Database –inventory, –condition, –traffic, –maintenance and rehab (M&R) history, cost Analysis & Reporting tools

18. 18 Factors Indicative of Pavement Condition Visible: surface distress, smoothness, friction Non-Visible: load response, material strength, environmental effects on materials; load-related damage Visible: surface distress, smoothness, friction Non-Visible: load response, material strength, environmental effects on materials; load-related damage

19. 19 Measures of Pavement Condition Visual condition survey; drainage and shoulder survey Ride quality (smoothness/roughness) measurement Safety (skid/friction measurement) Structural capacity – surface deflection measurement Visual condition survey; drainage and shoulder survey Ride quality (smoothness/roughness) measurement Safety (skid/friction measurement) Structural capacity – surface deflection measurement FDOT PMS uses visual condition survey

20. 20 PCI for Airports ASTM Standard D-5340-04 16 years of refinement before selection –USACE ’70’s –FAA Accepted as an ASTM Standard Practice ASTM Standard D-5340-04 16 years of refinement before selection –USACE ’70’s –FAA Accepted as an ASTM Standard Practice

21. 21 Components of the Standard Distress definitions Deduct curves PCI Calculation Procedure Distress definitions Deduct curves PCI Calculation Procedure

22. 22 PCI Procedure Inspect sample unitsInspect sample units –Determine deduct values –Determine allowable number of deducts (m) –Compute the total deduct value (TDV) –Perform the correction for multiple distresses (if necessary) –Compute the PCI for each sample unit (S.U.) –Calculate area-weighted average the S.U. PCI’s for the section Send to FDOT for entry and PCI calculationSend to FDOT for entry and PCI calculation Inspect sample unitsInspect sample units –Determine deduct values –Determine allowable number of deducts (m) –Compute the total deduct value (TDV) –Perform the correction for multiple distresses (if necessary) –Compute the PCI for each sample unit (S.U.) –Calculate area-weighted average the S.U. PCI’s for the section Send to FDOT for entry and PCI calculationSend to FDOT for entry and PCI calculation

23. 23 FDOT Inspections Locate SU for inspection – use Network Definition drawing –Wheel and paint to identify Locate centroid of SU – Obtain and record GPS coordinates Perform distress data collection using PDA (handheld) or PenTablet (paper forms always for backup) No need for curves or calculations – all computerized Locate SU for inspection – use Network Definition drawing –Wheel and paint to identify Locate centroid of SU – Obtain and record GPS coordinates Perform distress data collection using PDA (handheld) or PenTablet (paper forms always for backup) No need for curves or calculations – all computerized

24. 24 Network Definition Drawing

25. 25

26. 26 Network Definition Drawing - Detail

27. 27 Locate A Specific Sample Unit Where is 6105 106 ? –Measure 300 feet from RW end to SU 106 Mark corners of “begin” end of SU Measure forward 50 ft to end of SU Mark Corners of end of SU Where is 6105 106 ? –Measure 300 feet from RW end to SU 106 Mark corners of “begin” end of SU Measure forward 50 ft to end of SU Mark Corners of end of SU 106 Section 6105: Samples are 50 ft long 106 is 6 Samples from end Measure forward 300 ft to begin 106 Start

28. 28 What is a Centroid? Direction of Survey GPS this spot SU 101 SU 102 SU 100

29. 29 What is a Centroid? ½ Direction of Survey GPS this spot SU 101 SU 102 SU 100 ½ ½ ½

30. 30 Paper Forms CRG 6105 CRG 9/9/07 1001200 1065000 RW

31. 31 Paper Forms 2100 100 JAX 6100 JAX 1/10/07 15 20 20 150 4200 RW

32. 32 Field Maps and GIS Use network definition drawings to locate sample units Record undocumented new construction Modifications to the proposed sampling plan and additional sample units. –If pavement abandoned do not survey –If new pavement record dimensions, surface type and survey during this inspection Use of Geographic Information System and the global positioning system (GPS) to assist in locating sample units (always have wheel for backup) Use network definition drawings to locate sample units Record undocumented new construction Modifications to the proposed sampling plan and additional sample units. –If pavement abandoned do not survey –If new pavement record dimensions, surface type and survey during this inspection Use of Geographic Information System and the global positioning system (GPS) to assist in locating sample units (always have wheel for backup)

33. 33 Safety Considerations During Pavement Inspections Safety requirements for personnel conducting airside pavement inspections 1.Notify airfield prior to arrival 2.Check in on arrival 3.Ask about local communication and operations issues: UNICOM radio 4.Never one-person survey (make sure someone is aware you are on the field and they are watching you) Safety requirements for personnel conducting airside pavement inspections 1.Notify airfield prior to arrival 2.Check in on arrival 3.Ask about local communication and operations issues: UNICOM radio 4.Never one-person survey (make sure someone is aware you are on the field and they are watching you)

34. 34 Data Quality – Accuracy and Consistency How to maintain quality, accuracy and consistency of field inspections? 1.Training 2.Planning 3.Always have the field manual 4.Resurvey and compare every day – 2-3 SU for each person/crew How to maintain quality, accuracy and consistency of field inspections? 1.Training 2.Planning 3.Always have the field manual 4.Resurvey and compare every day – 2-3 SU for each person/crew

35. 35 Review / Questions?