3. “ Pavement markings can enhance safety since centerlines have been shown to cut crash frequency by 29% compared to roads without them ” Wisconsin Transportation Bulletin No. 9

5. Limitations: 1.Obliterated by snow 2.Not clearly visible when wet 3.Not very durable under heavy traffic 4.Need refreshment every year or more Advantages: 1.conveying information to drivers without diverting their attention from the road. 2.Inexpensive

7.  Markings that must be visible at night shall be retroreflective  In any case, all markings on Interstate highways shall be retroreflective.  Markings must be clear

9.  White

10.  Yellow

11.  Red: Raised pavement markings

12.  Blue

13.  Purple : For toll plaza

17. Yellow Center Line Pavement Markings Warrants It used to delineate the separation of traffic lanes that have opposite directions of travel on a roadway

18. Yellow center Line could be:  A normal broken yellow line … crossing the center line markings is permitted.  A broken line is formed of segments and gaps, usually in the ratio of 1:3.

19. Yellow center Line could be:  One-direction no-passing zone … crossing the center line markings for passing with care is permitted for the traffic traveling adjacent to the broken line, but is prohibited for traffic traveling adjacent to the solid

20. Yellow center Line could be:  Two-direction no-passing zone… crossing the center line markings for passing is prohibited for traffic traveling in either directions.

21.  Yellow center Line should be placed in:  Urban arterials and collectors that is:  20 feet or more in width and  ADT of 6,000 vehicles per day or greater.  All rural arterials and collectors that is:  18 feet or more in width and  ADT of 3,000 vehicles per day or greater.  All two-way streets or highways that have three or more lanes.

22. Other Yellow Line Type:  If reversible lanes :consist of a normal broken double yellow line to delineate the edge of a lane in which the direction of travel is reversed from time to time.

24. White normal broken line  Used on all roadways that are intended to operate with two or more adjacent traffic lanes in the same direction of travel

25. White dotted line Used to separate a through lane that is : 1. A deceleration or acceleration lane. 2.A through lane that becomes a mandatory exit or turn lane. They have noticeably shorter segments: for example, a 2’ line and a 2’ to 6’ gap.

26.  Dotted Deceleration A.Parallel B.Tapered

27.  Dotted deceleration C.Parallel with multilane

28.  Dotted Acceleration A.Parallel B.Tapered

29.  Dotted Acceleration C.Tapered

30.  Wide dotted white lane line  It is used: 1.As a lane drop marking in advance of lane drops at exit ramps to distinguish a lane drop from a normal exit ramp.

31.  Lane drop as a single lane exit ramp

32.  Lane drop as a Multi- lane exit ramp

33.  Two-Lane drop at an exit ramp

34.  Wide dotted white lane line  It is used: 2.In advance of freeway route splits with dedicated lanes

35.  Rout split with dedicated lanes

36.  Wide dotted white lane line  It is used: 3.To separate a through lane that continues beyond an interchange from an adjacent. Or An Auxiliary lane between an entrance ramp and an exit ramp

37.  Cloverleaf interchange

38.  Wide dotted white lane line  It is used: 4.As a lane drop marking in advance of lane drops at intersections to distinguish a lane drop from an intersection through lane

39.  Lane drop at intersection

40.  Wide dotted white lane line  It is used: 5.To separate a through lane that continues beyond an intersection from an adjacent auxiliary lane between two intersections

41.  Auxiliary lane between intersections

43.  Wide dotted white lane line  It may be used: 6.Through intersections. Where greater restriction is required, solid lane lines or channelizing lines should be extended into or continued through intersections or major driveways.

48. Lane-Reduction Transition Markings  Used to guide traffic through transition areas where the number of through lanes is reduced

51.  Approach Markings for Obstructions  Used to guide traffic away from fixed obstructions within a paved roadway.

52. A.Center of two-Lane Road B.Center of a four road

53. C.Through the same direction lane

56. Because of the low approach angle at which pavement markings are viewed, transverse lines should be proportioned to provide visibility at least equal to that of longitudinal lines.

57.  Yield Lines Used to indicate the point behind which vehicles are required to yield in compliance with a traffic control signal, as a YIELD sign.

58.  Cross Walking style

59. Staggered stop lines and staggered yield lines provide better sight distance for turning vehicles

60.  Cross Walking in One-Way Road

61.  Parking Space Markings In general, Parking space markings shall be white but Blue lines may supplement white parking space markings of each parking space designated for use only by persons with disabilities.

63. Disabilities Parking

64. Pavement Word, Symbol, and Arrow Markings Are used for the purpose of guiding, warning, or regulating traffic.

65. Pavement Word, Symbol, and Arrow Markings A. Regulatory: STOP YIELD (LEFT) TURN 25 MPH

66. Pavement Word, Symbol, and Arrow Markings B. Warning: STOP AHEAD YIELD AHEAD Lane-reduction arrows C. Guide: Route numbers Cardinal directions

67. Pavement Word, Symbol, and Arrow Markings