1. Descent with Modification: A Darwinian View of Life

2. 3 key observations about life 1. Striking ways organisms are suited to their environment 2. Unity of living things(so many common features) 3. Rich diversity of life

3. DESCENT WITH MODIFICATION

4. A CHANGE in the GENETIC COMPOSITION of a POPULATION from GENERATION to GENERATION

5.  CAN BE VIEWED IN 2 WAYS 1. A PATTERN  OBSERVATIONS FROM NATURAL WORLD 2. A PROCESS  MECHANISMS THAT PRODUCED THE OBSERVED PATTERNS

6.  DID NOT BELIEVE ORGANISMS CHANGED OVER TIME (some Greeks did)  Viewed organisms as fixed: could be arranged on ladder from least complex  most complex

8.  DEVELOPED BINOMIAL NOMENCLATURE  WITH A “NESTED” CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM

11.  STUDY OF FOSSILS  GEORGES CUVIER (1769 – 1832)  OLDER THE STRATUM OF SEDEMENTARY ROCK THE OLDER & MORE DISSIMILAR THE FOSSILS WERE TO CURRENT LIFE  NEW SPECIES APPEARED, SOME DISAPPEARED

12. CATASTOPHISM: EVENTS IN THE PAST OCCURRED SUDDENLY & WERE CAUSED BY DIFFERENT MECHANISMS THAN SEEN NOW

13.  Scottish Geologist  Explain geologic features by gradual mechanisms still going on now

14.  Principle of Uniformitarianism  Mechanisms of change are constant over time

15.  Hutton & Lyell’s ideas influenced Darwin  Both indicated Earth had to be much older than previously believed  Darwin reasoned: slow & subtle processes could produce biological changes

16.  1st to propose mechanism of evolution  Parts of body used the most become larger, stronger; parts not used deteriorate  Inheritance of Acquired Traits

17.  EVOLUTION HAPPENS BECAUSE ORGANISMS INATELY WANT TO BECOME MORE COMPLEX

21.  Plants & animals in temperate zones of SA closely resembled plants & animals of temperate regions of Europe  Fossils in SA resembled living organisms in SA

23.  Took note of many adaptations  saw adaptations & the origin of a new species as closely related processes

24.  14 different species each clearly adapted to a specific niche  all similar to finches on mainland SA (common ancestor)

26.  Proposed that natural selection over long periods of time could cause an ancestral species to give rise to 2 or more descendant species

27.  Natural Selection: a process in which individuals with certain inherited traits tend to survive & reproduce at higher rates than other individuals without those traits

28.  Darwin provided massive amounts of evidence that descent with modification by natural selection explains :  Unity of Life  Diversity of Life  Match between Organisms & their Environment

29. NATURAL SELECTION ARTIFICIAL SELECTION

30. OBSERVATIONSINFERENCES 1. There are variations of traits in populations 1. Individual with variations that are favorable will leave more offspring than one without those traits

31. OBSERVATION INFERENCE 2. Species produce more offspring than can survive 2. overpopulation leads to competition, those with traits that will help them survive  reproduce more  passing along favorable traits

35. BALLOON VINE GOLDENRAIN TREE

36.  SEEDS BURIED DEEPER IN PODS OF NATIVE PLANT, BALLOON VINE  BUGS THAT FEED ON INVASIVE GOLDENRAIN PODS NOW HAVE SHORTER BEAKS

37.  CHANGING THE ENVIRONMENT CAN RESULT IN EVOLUTION BY NATURAL SELECTION FOR MATCHING BEAK SIZE

38.  Normal for 1 out of 3 people to have Staph aureus on skin  MRSA  (methicillin-resistant staph aureus)  Can be fatal

43.  1. natural selection does not “create” it “selects” for variants already present in population  2. natural selection depends on time & place

44.  SIMILARITY RESULTING FROM COMMON ANCESTORS

45.  Similarities in early stages of development suggest common ancestry  At some point in development all vertebrates have a tail

46.  REMNANTS OF FEATURES THAT WERE IMPORTANT IN EVOLUTIONARY ANCESTOR

47.  All life forms use DNA & RNA  Genetic code is universal  Some human genes code for exact same protein as bacterial gene  +/- have same function  Some organisms carry “vestigial genes”

48.  Can organize organisms with shared characteristics in nested groups  Deepest layer all living things share  Each successive smaller group have their own unique homologies

50.  are hypotheses that summarize our current understanding of patterns of descent

51.  The independent evolution of similar features in different lineages

54.  are seen in species that share similar structures but not common ancestry

55. 1. past organisms differ from current ones 2. many species have become extinct 3. the evolutionary changes that have occurred in various groups of organisms

56.  The GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION of ORGANISMS  Influenced by:  Continental Drift  250 million yrs ago all land masses joined  Pangea  200 million yrs ago split began  20 million yrs ago looked close to what we have today

57.  Understanding continental drift scientists look for fossil evidence explained by the movement of land masses

58. 1. Direct Observations 1. Effect of invasive species 2. Drug-resistance in bacteria 2. Anatomical Similarities 1. Homologous & Vestigial Structures 2. Universal Genetic Code 3. Fossils 4. Biogeography